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WHAT AILS INDIAN UNIVERSITIES Prof. K.S Suresh JSS Law College Autonomous. Mysore

WHAT AILS INDIAN UNIVERSITIES Prof. K.S Suresh JSS Law College Autonomous. Mysore. What Ails Indian Universities. “ If you plan for a year, plant a seed. If for ten years, plant a tree. If for a hundred years, teach the people”.

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WHAT AILS INDIAN UNIVERSITIES Prof. K.S Suresh JSS Law College Autonomous. Mysore

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  1. WHAT AILS INDIAN UNIVERSITIES Prof. K.S Suresh JSS Law College Autonomous. Mysore JSS Law College

  2. What Ails Indian Universities “If you plan for a year, plant a seed.If for ten years, plant a tree.If for a hundred years, teach the people”. “When you sow one seed,You will reap a single harvest.When you teach the people,You will reap a hundred harvests” JSS Law College

  3. What Ails Indian Universities Post Independence Scenario - Era of subsidies Three million students leave schools to join 417 universities 127 Deemed Universities in 20676 colleges every year. Average monthly Tuition Fee in India is equal to a cup of coffee in Coffee Day café. The Fee ranges from Rs.30-100 P.M. except in few private Universities. Fee is frozen since 1950. It barely accounts 5-6% of actual cost, where as in US it is 60% and 27% in China. At St. Stephan’s Delhi, the top Indian College, for liberal arts course the fee is Rs.360/ year. Where as in US at Amherst College the Fee is Rs.14 Lakh/ year In Delhi University average fee is Rs.180/ year in Harward it is Rs.14.6 Lakh The Indian Taxpayers pay Rs.32,900 crore to fund higher education. Only 6,000-7,000 admitted to IITs after gruelling entrance test which is heavily subsidised. But the salary they get is 9-10 Lakh/year i.e., double the fee. JSS Law College

  4. Now IIMs and IITs are increasing their fees 5 – 11.5 lakh (Ahmedabad) 5 – 8 lakh (Bangalore) 4 – 8 lakh (Calcutta) The hike of Tuition Fee in the US and UK is 14% every year China Charges 27% of the cost of education. Higher education is regarded as ‘private good’ for which market determined prices. Subsidy has resulted in poor infrastructure, lack of talented faculty. Government is spending less an less by the year on Higher education. 1993 – 94 – 5500 / student 1991 - 92 – 7676/ student Steep cut in library allocation. NASSCOM survey indicates that 75% of Engineering graduates of 1346 colleges are unemployable Only 10 -15 % of students of 18,000 Arts, Commerce colleges are industry ready. Unscientific Fee Pattern JSS Law College

  5. Of the 500 top colleges/ Universities none of the Indian college figures. National Knowledge Commission recommends that 20% of the cost should be met by Tuition fee. Top private schools charge 1000-4000 P.M. Top students of these schools grab most of the seats of premier institutes like IIM, JNU, University of Delhi, St. Stephens etc.,. Upper and Middle class students reap highest benefit of subsidy. Professional education seat sharing formal such as 65:35 Government and Management quota –Government fee is 32, 500; Management fee 62,500. -the presumption in Government quota students are from lower income groups which is not 50. In TMA Pai’s case Supreme Court permitted private institutions to design there admission and charge fee accordingly. But political interference create problem in fee hike e.g., Lucknow University increased fee from Rs. 300 to Rs. 1162 which resulted in political unrest. Delhi University Tuition Fee is frozen since 60 years at Rs.180, resulting in huge deficit and vacancy in teaching posts. Pathetic Condition of Indian Higher Education JSS Law College

  6. Pathetic Condition of Indian Higher Education • 417 Universities for 110 crore population • India has 18% of world population • 2.6% land mass • 25-61 age group highest in the world. • 61% of universities, B grade,23% C grade JSS Law College

  7. Autonomy has not resulted in fee revision in college. Alumni donations are penalized. Heavy subsidization has not helped at tertiary level, in access to higher education. Admission at Tertiary level is as follows: India - 9% US - 83% UK - 60% China - 20% In India 70% of 12 million tertiary level study in Universities and undergraduates programme and 30% in professional colleges Defactoprivatization in professional colleges has taken place. Hardly any move of privatization at the level of University education. Heavily deficit and over extended central and states funding of Higher Education. Knowledge Commission states the funding for higher education in India is 0.7% GDP where as it is 2.9% US, and 0.5in China Funding of Higher Education JSS Law College

  8. It shall be raised to 1.5% of 6% Education out lay. 1500 colleges to be added to current pool of 20676 colleges to improve tertiary level education to reach 15% Under 11th Plan, Planning commission has recommended for 2,36,997 crore for higher education, an addition of 47,399 crore to previous plan period. This is not sufficient unless heavy private and foreign investment is made in higher education Liberalization and deregulation is a must. Industry and Government suffering from unprecedented shortage of funds and skilled labour. Indian academy should improve if 8% growth is to be maintained steadily. Funding of Higher Education JSS Law College

  9. Education is a long term investment; Individually and otherwise. US System “Needs blind admission system” - 38 US top private universities including Harward, Princeton, Yale and Brown follow them. During admission students’ fee paying ability is not verified. Admission is made only on competence and merit and Tuition fee is determined later. ‘Need’ formula is applied by providing financial aid. No meritorious student is ever denied admission. They have accumulated massive corpuses to subsidize themselves. Endowment corpus; Harward - $34 Billion Yale - $22.5 Billion Stanford - $17.2 Million JSS Law College

  10. US System US success is due to following reasons: 1. Appropriateness of Tuition Fee student and parents should contribute at least publicity funded universities. 2. Tradition of honest revealing of income and expenditure by universities for documentation purpose. 3. A tradition of Philanthropy which helps accumulation of corpuses In US $56 billion is given in student loans and aid. Loans and Scholarship are a must for a genuine and meritorious student. JSS Law College

  11. National Knowledge Commission Recommendations It has made 200 recommendations on 26 issues. Govt. support should increase from 0.7% to 1.5%. To transform 550 million under 24 yrs people to be the part of Knowledge Society. Better Asset management – Universities sit on a large reservoir of untapped resources. Rationalization of fees. Tuition fee should recover 10% to 20% of the cost. Un qualified and unintended beneficiaries to be excluded. Philanthropic contribution is declining and needs resurrection. It was 12% in 1950 and 3% in 1990. Need for reform in Tax and Trust laws. Other resources - Not purely as commercial activities. Rs. 2,70,000 crore allocation in 11th Plan – 6% of GDP for Education JSS Law College

  12. Country Maximum Tuition fee Minimum Tuition fee in US $ in US $ Austria 746 746 Canada 5,000 1,366 China 2,591 518 India 85 20 Mexico 1,159 178 Russia 12,026 0 South Africa 3,293 1,085 United Stated 6,000 1,600 UK 1,565 1,565 Comparative Tuition Fee JSS Law College

  13. No. of Universities in some leading countries. JSS Law College

  14. What can be done ? • How many of us teach from the original text, not just the text books but the source books? How many of us teach from the notes that we prepared years ago? • How many of us have even seen a journal, leave aside opening and reading, after getting into this job? • How many of us are aware of the current advances in our subjects? • How many of us subscribe to magazines from our own money and read them to find out what is happening around us? • How many of us debate about the events and policies around us and contribute to opinion-making? JSS Law College

  15. What can be done ? • How many of us even know where our past students are at this moment? • What jobs they are doing and if they are doing research, what are the areas they are researching? • How many of us love teaching, truly love teaching? • How many of us prepare for a class even today? There is a lot to prepare actually. The subjects are not dead. They keep moving ahead and the things written in the text books are where the subject was about 5 years ago. How many of us prepare for telling the students where the subject actually stands today? • How many of us do not scold the students when they ask a question discomfiting us? • How many of us realize that we indulged in as much fun and frolic when we were students and the current batch of students are doing just that? Only the medium has become different from our own. JSS Law College

  16. KARNATAKA STATE UNIVERSITIES ACT, 2000 An Overview JSS Law College

  17. Historical Background of Modern Universities Cardinal New Man’s (1852), View – ‘school of universal learning’ ‘Contributions by a thousand schools make an University’ ‘Intellect may safely range and speculate’ ‘A seat of wisdom and light of the world’ Establishment of Oxford and Cambridge Universities - 19th Centuries University of London – 1836 Kings College – 1831 Affiliating system under University JSS Law College

  18. Modern Universities in India Woods Dispatch – 1854 (President of Board of Control). Promise to Encourage Vernaculars and classical languages. Establishment of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras University – 1857. Education Commission of 1852 – Lord Rippon’s Review of working of Universities. Increase of Affiliated Colleges. Inability to control the colleges by the three Universities Education made as ‘provincial subject’ JSS Law College

  19. Establishment of other Universities Universities of Baroda and Mysore – 1916 Andhra University – 1926 Stalwarts and their contribution - Aushutosh Mukherji, Lakshmanaswamy Mudaliar, C.R. Reddy and S. Radhakrishnan etc., shaped modern Universities JSS Law College

  20. Indian Constitution and the Universities Art. 29 (2) Protection against discrimination in state aided institutions Art. 30 (1) Right to Establish and Administer institutions Art. 45 Direction to provide Compulsory Education Art. 46 Promotion of Education amongst inter-sections Educations under Union List, State List and Concurrent List University as an Other Authority under the constitutions Establishment of Universities – Mysore University 1916 under 1933 and 1956 Acts. Karnataka University 1949 under 1949 Bombay Act. Bangalore University 1964 under 1964 Act. Uniform Law under Mysore Universities Act 1976. JSS Law College

  21. Karnataka State Universities Act 2000(Received the assent of the Governor on 12.9.2001) Establishment of University: each university has Territorial jurisdiction with perpetual succession and common seal. (S. 3) Powers: to provide instruction, hold exams, carry research, confer honorary degrees administer colleges and hostels, collect fee, accept endowments, maintain discipline (S. 4) Open to all classes of persons; Chancellors power to discipline, inspect and control (S. 8) State Governments power to annul the orders of the university (S. 10) JSS Law College

  22. Officers of the University • The Chancellor; • The Pro-Chancellor; • The Vice-Chancellor; • The Registrar; • The Registrar; (Evaluation) • The Deans; • Librarian ; • The Finance Officer; • The Director of P M E Board; • The Director of Students Welfare; • The Director, College Development Council; • The Director of Physical Education; • Such other officers of the University as the Chancellor may, on the recommendation of the State Government from time to time, designate JSS Law College

  23. The Chancellor (S.12) Governor is the Chancellor and the Head – He shall have powers as may be conferred by the Act. The pro- Chancellor (S. 13) - The Minister in charge of Higher Education by virtue of his office. He shall preside over the convocation in the absence of the Chancellor Officers of the University JSS Law College

  24. Officers of the University Vice Chancellor (S.14) Selection – State to constitute search committee – the four members are nominated by the UGC, State, University and the Chancellor. No person connected with the affairs of the Government, University or College/Institution affiliated shall be nominated. A panel of three shall be submitted to the State. Chancellor upon consideration of merit, equality and social justice with the concurrence of the state appoint. Second panel Appointment not open to challenge unless deliberate violations of the norms. JSS Law College

  25. Officers of the University Powers of the V.C. (S. 15) Principal Executive, Ex officio Chairman of Academic Council, Syndicate, F.C. Perform all such actions, as it deem necessary. In emergency he may take such actions and get approval of such bodies which would have otherwise dealt with. Registrar ( S.17) An officer of All India Service Member Secretary Academic Council and Syndicate Custodian of records; Convenes meetings. JSS Law College

  26. Officers of the University Qualification, Powers and Duties of: I. Registrar (Evaluation) (S.18). I.Finance Officer. III. Deans. IV. Librarian. VI. Director of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Board. VII. Director CDC. VIII. Physical Education etc., JSS Law College

  27. Authorities of University The Syndicate; (S. 28) The Academic Council; (S. 30) The Finance Committee; (S. 32) The Board of Studies; (S.33) The Faculties; (S.34) The Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Board; (S.35) Such other bodies as may by Statutes be declared as the authorities of the University. JSS Law College

  28. Statutes, Ordinances, Regulations & Rules Statutes (S.40) - Bodies, Hon Degrees, Convocations, Withdrawal of degrees, Faculties, Affiliation, Fellowships, Posts, Recruitments, bequests, Fees, Service conditions, etc,. Ordinances (S. 42) – Student admission, Degrees & Diplomas, Examainations, management of colleges, Etc, Regulations (S. 44) Admission regulations, Recgn. of Degrees Rules (S. 45) Meeting Notices, Procedures, Not provided by others. JSS Law College

  29. Finance and Accounts University Funds (S. 46) Annual Accounts and Audit (S. 47) Financial Estimates (S. 48) Powers of Government to Direct Audit (S. 49) Annual Report (S. 50) JSS Law College

  30. Appointment of Teachers and Inter-University Transfer of Employees Appointment of Teachers, Librarian (S. 53) Appointment in accordance with the promotion schemes (S. 54) Appointment to part-time posts (S. 55) Temporary appointment (S. 56) Appointment of Non-teaching, Ministerial and other Staff (S. 57) Transfer of Employees (S. 58) JSS Law College

  31. Affiliation of Colleges and Recognition of Institutions Affiliation of Colleges (S. 59) Restriction on Admission of Students in a new College (S. 60) Restriction for appearance in the examinations (S. 61) Permanent Affiliation (S. 62) Withdrawal of Affiliation (S. 63) Autonomous College (S. 64) Voluntary closure of College or Course (S. 65) Recognition of certain institutions (S. 66) Inspection of Colleges (S. 67) JSS Law College

  32. Enrolment and DegreesUniversity Review Commission Eligibility for Admission of Students (S. 68) Honorary Degrees (S. 69) Withdrawal of Degree or Diploma (S. 70) Appointment of University Review Commission (S.71 ) Karnataka State Inter-University Board (S. 46) JSS Law College

  33. Functions and powers of the persons involved in the Examination work Duties of A Teacher.( S.73) Obligation to Perform Examination work.(S.74) Punishment for Abetment of Offences. (S.75) Prohibition of Private Tuition. (S.76) JSS Law College

  34. Review Structure: The act mandates that all state run universities have the following authorities as part of their structure. Syndicate, whose powers include administering the finances, funds and properties, and the management of all substructures. Academic Council, whose powers subject to the provisions of this Act, the Statutes, Ordinances and Regulations, have the control and general regulation of, and be responsible for the maintenance of, the standards of instruction, education and examination of the University. Finance Committee, scrutinizes the accounts of the universities, and checks for financial mismanagement. Board of Studies, functions decided by statutes. Faculties, functions decided by statutes. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Board, places resolutions before the academic council. JSS Law College

  35. Review Merits: It allows for autonomous colleges to be affiliated to the university, though this is subject to regulations, political and bureaucratic procedures. Allows for transfer of employees between state universities. Uniform administrative structure across all state universities. It acts like a guideline for forming new universities and colleges. Explicitly stated are equal opportunity provisions for enrollment on basis of caste, disability, sex, race, class and background. JSS Law College

  36. Review Criticisms: The requirement that colleges be affiliated is a notion that is still carried on. A college is required to be affiliated in order to exist and maintain standards and norms set by the university. The autonomy of the college is thereby impaired. It mandates a territorial jurisdiction of universities, thereby denying colleges to make a free choice as to which university they want to affiliate to. Independent senates of several universities were abolished. The new structure consists of positions of power held by state government officials, and those nominated directly or indirectly by government ministries or politicians. JSS Law College

  37. Review Authorities having more influence and power have more appointed officers and less academicians. The act specifies seniority (number of years of employment) as a means of selecting professors rather than alternative means of evaluation. It prohibits those appointed to teach, to conduct private tuitions. Financing and Labour issues prevent the university or affiliated colleges from hiring the best available lecturer with higher remuneration. Prohibiting private tuitions only treated the issue symptomatically than by addressing the cause of decreasing quality. Research is considered to be the same as teaching in the sense of extended study. No administrative provisions exist to facilitate the research impact of a university, like laboratories, research centers, PhD student enrollment, graduate student enrollment, tenure process of a professor, research grants to professors. JSS Law College

  38. Review Politically (legislature) appointed officials within the syndicate Since the university is maintained and funded by the state government it is expected that officials of the state government executive manage the administrative affairs. The governor of the state is the Chancellor of the University, and include those nominated by the chancellor. However, the law makes it possible for the ruling state government legislature to also make appointments and there by have political control. Six persons are nominated by the State Government legislature. The others include two members nominated by the Chancellor, commissioner for collegiate education, director of technical education, one dean, two chancellor nominees, four principals. The position of Pro-Chancellor is the current minister in charge of higher education of the legislature, and can act on behalf of the Chancellor if the Chancellor is absent. JSS Law College

  39. Review Non-academic government (executive and legislature) appointed officials within the academic council Commissioner for collegiate education or his nominee Director of technical education or his nominee One member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly Two members of the Karnataka Legislative Council Three eminent persons representing industry nominated by the state government The others include five professors, five deans and six students. JSS Law College

  40. THANK YOU JSS Law College

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