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More Details on Metals and Nonmetals and Periodic Table. Part I “s” block, Groups 1 & 2. Active Metals. s block. Alkali Metals. Group 1 elements 1 valence electron (half filled S – sublevel) most reactive metals. are not found uncombined in nature (elemental)
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Part I “s” block, Groups 1 & 2 Active Metals
Alkali Metals • Group 1 elements • 1 valence electron (half filled S – sublevel) • most reactive metals. • are not found uncombined in nature (elemental) • are found as salts that are very soluble in water • react with water to make Hydrogen gas and a solution of the alkali metal hydroxide. (strong bases) • 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) • alkaline solutionsare “basic” solutions pH 7.1-14.0
Storage of Alkali Metals • react with water so rapidly and exothermically (gives off lots of energy) that the Hydrogen often burns as it is produced. • are usually stored under oil or kerosene to keep them from reacting with the oxygen or water in the air.
Alkali Metal Manufacturing • Sodium is the only one manufactured on a large scale. • To produce the free metal, sodium ions must be forced to gain electrons (reduction). • The electrolysis (add electricity to break down) of molten sodium chloride makes elemental sodium. • Also produced is Chlorine gas - another useful chemical
General Characteristics of Alkali Metals • low density • high conductivity • low melting points • soft consistency • shiny when freshly cut
Alkaline Earth Metals • Group 2 elements • They have 2 valence electrons (completed S – sublevel) • Group 2 are less reactive than Group 1. (but still found only as compounds in nature) • do not need to be stored in oil • react with water to produce basic, (alkaline) solutions. (pH 7.1 – 14.0) • Solid Calcium reacts with water to produce H2(g) slowly • salts are less soluble than salts from group 1. • Sea water has an abundant amount of magnesium and calcium ions. (2 most commercially useful from Group 2)
Alkali Earth Metal Manufacturing • Lime– is Calcium Oxide (CaO) • Slaked Lime – is Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) • Both are in important to industry
Part II “p” blockGroups 13 - 18 Metals and Nonmetals
Aluminum and Group 13 • Boron is a metalloid (Semiconductor), common in minerals • Used to make glass and water softeners • Aluminium is so useful it was once as expensive as silver • Most common metal in Earth’s crust. • Gallium is not often used in thermometers instead of mercury. • Indium and Thallium are rare.
