Advanced renewable energy technology Dr. Igor Tyukhov University of Mechanical Engineering & VIESH

1. Advanced renewable energy technology Dr. Igor Tyukhov University of Mechanical Engineering & VIESH UNESCO Chairs Green technology, nanotechnology in action! Workshop on India-ICSTI Cooperation in Science and Innovation India, New-Delhi, February 28 - March 1, 2013

2. Topics for discussion • Si concentrating technology – new prospectus • New technology of PV modules - PV modules without plastics • Going to smart grids • Solar education

3. Non-concentrating and concentrating approaches PV Concentrating Photovoltaics 7. International Conference on Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems 4-6 April, 2011, Las Vegas, USA With some 500 attendees from 26 countries, CPV-7 again had an incredible 25% increase in participation!

4. Solar cells evolution & where we are going? Our PV+T system New VMJ (PV) с-Si VMJ with Al Organic PV Not Readyfor Primetime First VMJ

5. Three generations of SCs Production volume, % $/Wpeak Efficiency,% Cost $/m2

6. c-Si Solar Cells Types Planar solar cell Vertical multi-junction (VMJ) solar cell Classic structure Large serial resistance under concentrating light Inherently low serial resistance under concentrating light

7. VMJ technology Sample of VMJ solar cell and array for two side illumination

8. VMJ SC advantages • low series resistance leads to the absence of mutual contradictions between sheet resistance of emitter, spectral sensitivity, surface of electrical contact grid and so on; • high tolerance to damage radiation (it is easier to optimize the radiation resistance in space solar cells); • lower equilibrium temperature (no need of metallization on the front and back surfaces, that is why VMJ SC are transparent to IR behind the main absorption band); • in comparison to planar bifacial SC, VMJ SC have ideal symmetrical frontal and back sensitive surfaces, that allows to use a both side illumination; • low silicon consumption in concentrator system • can be used as component part of tandem SC (because they are transparent behind the main absorption band; • high output voltage (series connection of cells) and small current under the same power lead to more efficient battery (because of decreasing losses, which are arising at the high current cells).

9. Experimental parameters Planar SC Multi-junction SC Voltage density, V/cm2 0.1 - 1 10 - 100 Illumination intensity range for effective operation, W/cm2 0.1- 1 for traditional design 1 – 100 for special design 10 -1 - 104 Maximum electric output in the laboratory, W/cm2 30 3600 Maximum efficiency in the laboratory, % 28 (solar radiation) 36 (laser radiation) Experimental parameters planar and multi-junction SC

10. Our main goal • Developing new generation design and technology of VMJ SCs, providing efficiency of converting solar radiationup to 25% and able to work inPVT systems with total efficiency up to 70-80 %

11. Our tasks and technological partners • Optimization and makingstructures with p-n junctions (MISIS, Micron) • Finding new materials and wafer bonding technology parameters (Cambridge) • Optimization of cutting processes and surface treatment of PV structures after cutting (Micron, Pulsar) • Developing and realization methods of forming additional horizontal p-n junctions(MISIS) • Finding better cover materials and possible methods of creating efficient UV radiation into photoactive light (Cambridge) • Developing processes of bonding separate VMJ SC (MISIS , Micron, Cambridge) • Developing recommendations on PVT systems concentrator PVT (VEI)

12. For beginning we have intellectual property & … Preparing new Russian patent devoted to development solar cell with new structures and materials I.Tyukhov et al., 2008 (jointly with VEI, MISIS Federal Agency on Science and Innovation of Russian Federation supported of this research project (2007-2009), Ministry of Science and Education is partly supporting of this research project (2009-2011)

13. …and experience of developing CPVT system CPVT system HCPV (at the roof of VEI) Additional heat using and high total effectiveness 70% Two side illumination Suitable for mass production USA, GreenField Solar, Electrical efficiency 19%

14. Know-how • Gettering and radiation methods of charge carriers lifetime improvements and creating additional p-n junctions • New bonding materials (Ti/Ni/In, SiGe, metal glasses instead of Al, silumin) • Protective diamond-like carbon coatings • Searching for new suitable multifunctional antireflection coatings

15. Discussion of progress in development systems based on VMJSC Igor Tyukhov (MSUEE, VEI) , Bernard Sater and MicoPeralis (GreenField Solar) 11 August 2011, Oberling, Ohio, USA

16. One more reason for supporting our technology C.S. Tao et al. / Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 95 (2011) 3176 –3180

17. Increasing numbers of patents John S. Liu, Chung-Huei Kuan, Shi-Cho Cha, Wen-Ling Chuang, George J. Gau, Jeng-Ywan Jeng Photovoltaic technology development: A perspective from patent growth analysis Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, v. 95, № 11, November 2011, р. 3130-3136.

18. John S. Liu, Chung-Huei Kuan, Shi-Cho Cha, Wen-Ling Chuang, George J. Gau, Jeng-Ywan Jeng Photovoltaic technology development: A perspective from patent growth analysis Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, v. 95, № 11, November 2011, р. 3130-3136.

19. VMJ SC potential applications & customers • Oil and gas companies (autonomous electrical and heat supply, energy supply systems for SCADA) • Autonomous electrical and heat supplyof solar villages, cities (Dagestan, Buryatiya, Baikal area and others), resorts and natural reserve areas • Space applications • Thermo-photovoltaic technology (TPV) – different from PVT! • A basic TPV system consists of a thermal emitter and a photovoltaic cells • Special applications (transfer energy with laser beam, high intensity metrology and etc. )

20. Block-scheme of autonomous REN systems Accumulating unit Local or centralized grid Conversion and distributing unit Solar modules Automatic control unit Electric receiver Micro-hydro External interface Wind turbine

21. Smart grids Principal Characteristics: Enable active participation by Consumers, Accommodate all generation and storage options, Enable new products, services, and markets, Provide power quality for the digital economy Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently, Anticipate & respond to system disturbances (self-heal), Operate resiliently against attack and natural disaster [Mark Thiele (Fig.) and DOE/NETL-2010/1401]

22. PV modules without plastics The problem of achievement of solar energy competitiveness in comparison with traditional energy technologies can be solved by reduction cost of modules, increasing of solar energy conversion efficiency, and also, appreciably, by increasing of service life of operation at least twice. Traditional PV modules produced by a thermal-vacuum lamination method with application gluing films on the basis of copolymers EVA, have durability does not exceed 25 years in a temperate climate, 20 - in conditions of a dry tropical climate and is essentially reduced in conditions of damp tropics. • Processes like browning and delaminating result in corrosion and formation of leakage currents due to presence and activation ionogenic groups in damp environment, decrease of optical transmission factor in the spectral sensitivity field of PV modules. The second group of the processes, resulting in reduction of electric parameters of modules, is processes of contact system elements • Thus, quality of encapsulant materials is a determinative factor of long service ability of PV modules. • In this connection there is essential interest on development of materials with increased optical transmission and thermal stability for their use in modern designs of PV modules, including in systems with the concentrated sunlight.

23. A new technology of PV modules with life time up to 40-50 years without traditional plastic materials like EVA, tedlar, mylar etc. • Modern achievements in the field of organic-silicon compounds synthesis allow to produce the materials combining high operational properties of polysiloxanes with an opportunity of their usual processing methods for thermoplastic materials, in particular, by extrusion. • Preliminary laboratory tests were carried out on separate constructive elements of modules with amorphous and monocrystal silicon of different manufacturers in the conditions appropriate to requirements of domestic and international standards. • The results of laboratory experiments have shown that the filler on basis TSE does not concede, and on a number of parameters (for example, stability of adhesive characteristics) surpasses materials on basis EVA. The received results were checked and confirmed in the expanded laboratory and natural - climatic tests. • PV modules with new encapsulant are testing now in Spain.

24. New modules are very suitable for such long term applications as for facades or for teaching activity for schools Towards 50 years lifetime of PV panels laminated with silicone gel technology Solar Energy, Volume 86, Issue 10, October 2012, p. 3103-3108 V. Poulek, D.S. Strebkov, I.S. Persic, M. Libra

25. Educational activity Global-local monitoring system

26. Seminar for teachers at UNESCO Chair VIESH

27. Irina Persits shows production facility to teachers

28. School №444

29. Schoolboy at UNESCO chair Thinking, what they are doing here?

30. Excursion in VIESH of school - Center of education № 1498

31. American schools in Oregon takes into account our experience (F. Vignola’ project) Energizing the Next Generation with Photovoltaics • by F. Vignola, I. Tyukhov etc.published at ASES 2010

32. Possible cooperation • UMECH is new big ambitious university with good connections to research institutions (VIESH, IVT RAN, VEI and many others) • We would like to develop international cooperation (EURONETRES UNESCO (why not IRNETRES?), International INTERNET FORUM of Young Researchers, Post-Graduate Students and Students “Engineering and Technological Research for Sustainable Development”September 2013 – March 2014) • Concentrator Si PV and free plastic technologies • Smart grids • Solar electric transport, cheap air collector • Solar education, Internet Forum

33. Thanks! ityukhov@yahoo.com