Introduction to Public Speaking CMUN 1A

1. Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A WELCOME! Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell

2. AGENDA • The History of Public Speaking • Diversity and communication • Introduction to the self concept

3. The History of Public Speaking • The First Teachers: Doctrine of general probability • Corax and Tisias • 476 B.C.

4. The History of Public Speaking • The Greek Tradition • The Sophists • Protagoras: 481-411 B.C. • Originator of academic debate • Gorgias: 485-380 B.C. • Effective use of language • Isocrates: 436-347 B.C. • Orator-statesman

5. The History of Public Speaking • The Greek Tradition • Plato: 427-347 B.C. • Philosopher-king as orator • Aristotle: 384-322 B.C. • Rhetoric: philosophical and practical guide for orators • Rhetoric as a teachable art • 3 proofs

6. The History of Public Speaking • The Roman Tradition • Cicero 106-43 B.C. • Quintilian: A.D. 35-95

7. Public Speaking • An Audience Centered Approach • Analyze audience • Gender • Ethnicity • Socio – economic • Race • Age/generation • Culture • Religion • ?????

8. Diversity in Communication • California is one of the most diverse places in the world. • 1/3 of Silicon Valley consists of those who were not born in the U.S. • tolerate other cultures, lifestyles, and worldviews. • Context/contextual communication • Requires speaker defines audience • Incorporate definition into presentation or conversation

9. Diversity and the Self-Concept • Diversity influences: • the way we look at the self • the expectations we have for ourselves and others • our behavior Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty • Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement • Allocentric – collectivist point of view • Idiocentric – individualistic point of view

10. The Generations • You must understand the sounds and life experiences of each generation • impacts perspectives • Music connects a generation through time • Life-changing events • War • Environmental • Changes in technology • Medical • Electronic

11. DEFINING EVENTS 1970s • Oil Embargo • Nixon Resigns • First PCs • Women’s Rights Movement 1980s • Challenger Explosion • Fall of Berlin Wall • John Lennon shot • Reagan elected • Savings and Loan Debacle • California: Loma Prieta earthquake 1990s Desert Storm Oklahoma City bombing Death of Princess Diana Clinton Scandals Internet/PC boom California: Northridge earthquake 2000s Y2K Dot Com rise and fall 911 War on Terrorism War with Iraq 1930s • Great Depression • Election of FDR 1940s • Pearl Harbor • D-Day • VE Day and VI Day • Hiroshima/Nagasaki 1950s • Korean War • TV in every home • McCarthy HCUAA Hearings • Rock n Roll • Salk Polio vaccine introduced 1960s • Vietnam • Kennedy elected • Civil Rights Movement • Kennedy and King assassinations • Moon landing • Woodstock

12. Self Concept: Defining Your Authentic Self • Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station) • Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code • Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass

13. The Self-Concept • Your Self-Concept is: • Self-appraisal • Everything you think and feel about yourself • Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who and what you are • Two components of Self-Concept • Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself to be • Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself

14. The Self ConceptInternal vs. External Factors External Factors: • 10 defining moments • 7 critical choices • 5 pivotal people

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16. Introduction to Public SpeakingCMUN 1A WELCOME! Instructor: Mrs. Ellen Waddell

17. AGENDA • The self concept

18. Diversity and the Self-Concept • Diversity influences: • the way we look at the self • the expectations we have for ourselves and others • our behavior Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self, is of prime importance and success is linked with group cohesion and loyalty • Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed and success is linked with personal achievement • Allocentric – collectivist point of view • Idiocentric – individualistic point of view

19. Self Concept: Defining Your Authentic Self • Authentic/Public Self: What you do (profession/social station) • Private Self: Beliefs, Values, Moral Code • Fictional Self: False messages about who you are/broken compass

20. The Self-Concept • Your Self-Concept is: • Self-appraisal • Everything you think and feel about yourself • Entire collection of attitudes and feelings about who and what you are • Two components of Self-Concept • Self-image – the sort of person you believe yourself to be • Self-esteem – how well you like and value yourself

21. The Self ConceptInternal vs. External Factors External Factors: • 10 defining moments • 7 critical choices • 5 pivotal people

22. Formation of Self-Concept • The image the other people have of you • The way you experience and evaluate yourself • The roles you perform • The media messages you absorb • The expectations you and others have for you • The gender, cultural, and technological messages you internalize • Self-concept is shaped • environment • people around you

23. Roles, Self-Evaluation, & Behavior • Mental picture you have of yourself: • Faces or masks you wear • Roles you play • Ways you behave • As the masks you wear and roles you play vary, you also change: • The language you use • The attitudes you display • The appearances you present

24. Electronic or Online Looking Glass • Other sources that affect your opinion of who you are: • Television • Film • Radio • Music • Print media (especially advertisements) • Internet

25. Internal vs. External Factors Internal Factors: • reactions to the events • we have the power! (to change) Internal Dialogue: continuous self conversation Labeling: labeling others into groups, subgroups, classes and functions. Tapes: deeply ingrained beliefs that play in your head • Fixed Beliefs: • we hold these about ourselves • difficult to change • Limiting Beliefs: limit what we reach for and achieve

26. The Self-fulfilling Prophecy • Self-fulfilling Prophecy – a prediction or expectation that comes true simply because one acts as if it were true • fixed/practiced beliefs define roles • resistance to challenges/changes to fixed beliefs

27. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in Action Figure 3.2

28. Gender • Others treat us differently based on gender • Prevalent conceptions of masculinity and femininity are reinforced by: • Television • Films • Books • Toys • Websites

29. Diversity and the Self-Concept • Diversity influences: • the way we look at the self • the expectations we have for ourselves and others • our behavior • Collectivistic Cultures – the group, not the self • Individualistic Cultures – individual goals are stressed

30. The Johari Window Psychological testing device that allows us to examine both how we view ourselves, and how others view us. (Figure 3.3)

31. The Johari Window Panes • I. The Open Area –known to you and another • II. The Blind Area –others, but not you, are aware of • III. The Hidden Area –you know, but keep hidden from others • IV. The Unknown Area –neither you nor others are aware • Self disclosure – moving information from Pane III to Pane I.

32. Improving Awareness of Self & Others • Take pictures of yourself and others • Examine self-image/relationship to others • Develop a clear sense of self • Examine self-perceptions and self-misconceptions • Encourage others to take pictures of you • Obtain information from others • Refocus, refocus, refocus

33. What is Perception? • The “I” behind the senses • Our interpretation of events may differ markedly from the actual events • Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and selectively interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world

34. Perceiving Stimuli: “Eye” and “I” • The “Eye” 5 million bits of data/second • The “I” (the brain) –500 bits of data/second • Selective Perception • focusing on particular stimuli • limited /coherent and meaningful picture of our world • conforms to or beliefs, expectations, and convictions.

35. What do you see?

36. Perceptual Constancy • Perceptual Constancy • The desire to see selectively • Perception in concert with experiences • Dissimilar life experiences=wider the gap between us and others • Cultural habits/norms • Cultural nearsightedness – the failure to understand meanings to similar behavioral clues can be different • Socioeconomic • Education

37. Gender and Perception • Men and women • perceive different realities • have different expectations set for them • exhibit different communication styles • Perceived differences in male/female behavior develop as a result of • The expectations of others • The behavior exhibited by role models • The traditional educational institutions that promote stereotypes

38. Barriers to Perception • Perceptual Sets: Is your past following you? • Selective Exposure: Are you open or closed? • Selective Perception and Closure: Are you a distorter? • First Impressions: Do you freeze your perceptions of others? • Stereotypes: Do you squeeze others into niches? • Inferences: Do you confuse what you infer and what you observe?

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40. Welcome!Introductionto Public SpeakingInstructor: Ellen Waddell

41. AGENDA • Basic speech organization/outlining • PartII • The Impromptu Speech: “In a nutshell…”

42. Designing Your Speech: Organizing Your Ideas • Base organization on the principle of redundancy • Speech framework: • Introduction - tell them what you are going to tell them • Body - tell them • Conclusion - tell them what you have told them

43. Organizing the Body • Outlining principles • Main ideas – speech’s subtopics • Subordinate ideas – function as amplification for subtopics

44. Organizing the Main Ideas • Each main idea has subordinate ideas that support it • Example • Topic: Baking cookies • 1st Main idea: Find needed ingredients and utensils • Subordinate idea: needed ingredients • Subordinate idea: needed utensils

45. Organizing the Main Ideas • Example • Topic: Baking cookies • 1st Main idea: Definition of term • Subordinate idea: needed ingredients • Subordinate idea: needed utensils • 2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients • Subordinate idea: First mix wet items • Subordinate idea: Mix dry items • Subordinate idea: Mix all together • 3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies • Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apart • Subordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edges • Subordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving

46. Ordering Your Ideas * Exam topic • Chronological order • Develops an idea or problem in the order in which it occurred • Spatial order • Describes an object, person or phenomenon as it exists in space • Cause-and-effect order • Categorizes a topic according to its causes and effects • Problem-and-solution order • Determines what problems are, and presents solutions • Topical order • Divides material into a series of appropriate topics

47. Organizing the Main Ideas into a Pattern • What pattern has been used? • Topic: Baking cookies • 1st Main idea: Definition of term • Subordinate idea: needed ingredients • Subordinate idea: needed utensils • 2nd Main idea: Mixing ingredients • Subordinate idea: First mix wet items • Subordinate idea: Mix dry items • Subordinate idea: Mix all together • 3rd Main idea: Bake Cookies • Subordinate idea: place on greased cookie sheet 1 “ apart • Subordinate idea: Bake at 350 degrees until brown around edges • Subordinate idea: Place finished cookies on rack and allow to cool 10 minutes before serving

48. Impromptu SpeechPresentations • Choose one personal item from your belongings and prepare to describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell” • Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion. • Examples: • A key chain that opens the door to the various parts of your life (work/car/home) • An award/ pen that signifies dedication to a particular cause/issue • A floppy disc with a variety of saved documents (work/personal/school/work)

49. Impromptu SpeechPresentations • Use an outline format with introduction, main point, and conclusion. • Present your choice of personal item from your belongings and describe to the class how the item sums up who you are “in a nutshell” • Feel free to click away!

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