Blood Sugar Regulation

1. Blood Sugar Regulation

2. Pancreas

3. Pancreas

4. Pancreas Two cell types to produce: • digestive enzymes – exocrine acini • hormones – islets of Langerhans 1 – 2% of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans

5. Islets of Langerhans Two hormones are produced: • insulin – beta cells • glucagon – alpha cells blue = cell nuclei green = insulin red = glucagon

6. Insulin Function When is insulin released? after eating hyperglycemia beta cells decreased blood sugar cellular signals for insulin release increased glucose uptake glycogen production in liver

7. Glucagon Function What does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen hypoglycemia alpha cells increased blood sugar cellular signals for glucagon release glucose release from liver glucose production in liver

8. Diabetes Mellitus – Type I • also known as juvenile diabetes Cause • immune system attacking insulin-producing beta cells Symptoms • increased thirst, hunger and urination Treatment • daily dosage of insulin

9. Diabetes Mellitus – Type II • also known as adult-onset diabetes Cause • insulin resistance / deficiency Symptoms • increased thirst, hunger and urination • fatigue / lethargy Treatment • maintain healthy diet and frequent exercise • medication only upon progression of disease state

10. Diabetes Insipidus Cause • deficiency of ADH Symptoms • excessive thirst and urination • reduction of fluid intake does not affect urination frequency • no increased blood glucose Treatment • ADH replacement / stimulating medication

11. Canadian Connection Frederick Banting & Charles Best • Nobel Prize – 1923 • insulin isolation • tied off ducts to digestive tract • cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled • only islets of Langerhans remained

12. Video Testimonies • University of Alberta • developed islet cell transplant method Islet Transplant Animation Photo Journal News Feature

13. Hormone Structure • insulin • peptide hormone • glucagon • peptide hormone

14. Stress Regulation

15. Adrenal Glands adrenal– “next to” the renal system Two main sections: • adrenal cortex  long-term stress • adrenal medulla  short-term stress

16. Adrenal Gland

17. Adrenal Cortex Long-term stress sends ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) pituitary adrenal cortex Produces two types of hormones: • glucocorticoids • mineralcorticoids ACTH

18. 1. Glucocorticoids • class of steroid hormones for glucose regulation • specific example: cortisol What happens when you’re stressed out? • glucose not taken in by muscles • amino acids made into glucose • fat tissue broken down for energy

19. 2. Mineralcorticoids • class of steroid hormones for mineral regulation • specific example: aldosterone What happens when you’re stressed out? • blood pressure rises due to increase sodium & H2O reabsorption

20. Adrenal Medulla Short-term stress detected by hypothalamus Produces two hormones: • epinephrine (adrenaline) • norepinephrine(noradrenaline) • both compounds are examples of catecholamines, which are also neurotransmitters

21. Hormone Structures • epinephrine • hydrophilic • norepinephrine • hydrophilic

22. Flight-or-Fight Response What’s your response? • increased heart rate • increased breathing • blood vessel dilation  more O2 delivery • iris dilation  collect maximum visual information • these responses are induced by catecholamine release