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Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents Naturally Growing in the United States

This lecture provides an overview of hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States, including their psychoactive composition, geographic distribution, preparation, and intoxication. Topics covered include Ephedra, Psilocybe Mushrooms, Dimethyltryptamine, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Peyote, LSD, Morning Glory, Salvia divinorum, and Datura.

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Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents Naturally Growing in the United States

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  1. Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents Naturally Growing in the United States Psychoactive Botanical Products Workshop September 9, 2003 John H. Halpern, M.D. Associate Director, Substance Abuse Research Biological Psychiatry Laboratory Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA Harvard Medical School NIDA K23-DA00494

  2. From the forest to the front lawn? • This lecture reviews basic information on most of the hallucinogen and dissociative intoxicants growing throughout the U.S. • Psychoactive composition, geographic distribution, and brief overview on preparation and/or intoxication will be reviewed

  3. Ephedra – Caffeine-like Stimulant

  4. The Ephedra Equation • Most “dietary supplements” marketed as psychoactive intoxicants contain ephedrine and/or caffeine from a variety of botanical sources. • In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a tea or compounded with other herbs. • Historically in the U.S., it was used as a stimulant tea: Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, and other names. • Contains: ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins, saponin, and flavone

  5. Ephedra grows in the deserts of the Southwest

  6. Ephedra of the USE. trifurca, E. viridis, E. torreyana,E. nevadensis and E. californica • 100 gm dried ephedra could contain anywhere from 0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrine • Herbalists do offer pure extract preparations

  7. Psilcybe Mushrooms – Potent Hallucinogen

  8. Psilocybe Mushrooms • Psilocybin: 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMT • Psilocin: 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMT • Psilocybe cubensis typically contains 1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried mushroom • 40 mcg/kg intoxicates • 3 to 4 hour duration

  9. Psilocybe Mushrooms • Small brown mushrooms that stain blue to the touch • Illicit cultivation but also foraged from temperate climates

  10. Psilocybe Mushrooms:Religious Use Religious use continues in Oaxaca, Mexico

  11. Psilocybin content

  12. Dimethyltryptamine – Potent Hallucinogen

  13. DMT • N,N-Dimethyltryptamine • 10 to 20 mg smoked : 15 minute intoxication • Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in presence of an MAOI: 3-4 hour intoxication • Many sources • Religious use of ayahuasca continues in Brazil; indigenous and “modern” religions: Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal. Both seek permission to use in the U.S.

  14. DMT…it’s as common as crabgrass… • “Canary” grass; Phalaris aquatica, P. arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. tuberosa • Desmanthus illinoensis; Prairie Bundleflower • Many other sources; mostly S. America.

  15. DMT content • Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried plant +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ • P. tuberosa: DMT 100 mg+; 5-Me-DMT 22 mg+; 5-OH-DMT 5 mg • P. arundinacea DMT 60+ mg • Desmanthus illinoesis (root bark) DMT 340 mg • Psychotria viridis: DMT 200 mg

  16. Phalaris spp.

  17. Desmanthus illinoesis

  18. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Sedative-hypnotic properties and possibly hallucinogenic/dissociative properties Sources: Peganum harmala, Passiflora spp., USED TO MAKE DMT ORALLY ACTIVE

  19. Peganum harmala

  20. Peganum harmala • Commonly called Syrian rue • Contains reversible MAOIs that may also be psychoactive (2 to 4% beta-carboline content). • Ayahuasca’s MAOI source only has 0.5% beta-carboline content. • Passiflora: approx. 1%

  21. Passiflora incarnata • Passion flower; fruit used in drinks; some herbal preparations as a “sedative”

  22. Peyote – Potent Hallucinogen Lophophoria williamsii Contains mescaline

  23. Natural Range of Peyote

  24. Harvesting Peyote

  25. Peyote • Lophophoria williamsii contains 1.5% mescaline (b-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) • 3mg/kg potent intoxication • Up to 8 to 10 hour duration • Continued religious use in North America • Other cacti used in South America and also…

  26. Trichocereusspp. • Most popular source of non-sacramental mescaline in the U.S. isn’t peyote… • These ornamental cacti can be found almost everywhere

  27. The Peyote Ceremony Stewart OC. Peyote Religion. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. Aberle DF. The Peyote Religion Among the Navaho. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.

  28. The Peyote Ceremony • Reasons for a meeting • The Road Chief and… • Tobacco prayers • Ingestion of Peyote • Power of song • Water ceremony • The morning after

  29. LSD?

  30. Lysergic Acid Amide Ipomoea spp. (esp. I. purpurea) Morning Glory 5-10 grams of seeds Aztec: Oliliuqui Argyria nervosa Hawaiian Baby Woodrose 4-8 seeds ingested

  31. Salvia divinorum potent hallucinogen • Many other Salvia spp. may also contain psychoactive diterpenes. “Salvinorin A” • Related to Sage plants/Mint family • Does not grow in the United States naturally, but can readily be cultivated. Mexican origin • First reported in 1962 but popularity increased via Internet…

  32. Salvia divinorum

  33. Coleus?

  34. Datura – Potent Dissociative

  35. Datura stramonium

  36. Datura • Leaves typically cut and smoked • Contains atropine, scopalomine, and… • Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S. • Occasional report of death by ingestion of root • Many other sources for atropine and scopalomine…mandrake, henbane…

  37. Amanita muscaria Found throughout the U.S. Muscimol is the primary psychoactive alkaloid Dissociative

  38. Bufo Frogs… • Contains bufontinin but intoxication primarily from 5-Meo-DMT • The toad is NOT licked but glands are milked for poison

  39. Botanical intoxicants…future mayhem? • None of these plants are addictive, other than cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which is not common. Illicit cultivation of Cannabis spp., of course, continues. • Eradication of the illicit drug market of hallucinogens may drive the “resourceful” to these botanicals more than today. • It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals from U.S. territory • The Internet will drive an ever wider dissemination of information on these botanicals to those seeking this information

  40. Further information or for reprints: • E-mail: john_halpern@hms.harvard.edu • Office: 1 (617) 855-3703

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