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AGENDA

AGENDA . Finish doing drugs Cyber-stuff. Drug Legalization?. Pro? Reduce crime by eliminating “drug-defined crimes” Reduce Prison Costs Reduce violence generated by black market Reduce police corruption (?) Con? Increased drug use and social costs Moral costs

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AGENDA

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  1. AGENDA Finish doing drugs Cyber-stuff

  2. Drug Legalization? • Pro? • Reduce crime by eliminating “drug-defined crimes” • Reduce Prison Costs • Reduce violence generated by black market • Reduce police corruption (?) • Con? • Increased drug use and social costs • Moral costs • Practical Problems with Legalization • Which drugs? Who sells? Minors?

  3. Drug Treatment • As with criminal rehabilitation programs, cognitive behavioral programs have a track record of success • Cognitive = skill and restructuring • The effect of Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous is largely unknown • Very resistant to academic research

  4. Drug Courts • Started in 1989 in Dade County Florida as a reaction to crowded jails/court dockets • Spread like wildfire thereafter • Key ingredients • Team approach • Judicial involvement in supervision (court reviews) • Strong treatment component • Quick processing

  5. Drug Court II • Most research has been favorable • Reductions in drug use and other criminal activity • South St. Louis County (Duluth) MN drug court • Reviewed by one of the best bow hunting criminologists in the country • Significant reductions in felony offending vs. a comparison group of people arrested for drug felonies prior to the existence of drug court

  6. Theories of Drug Use? • Most theories of crime can also explain drug use • social learning, social control, strain, developmental…

  7. UMD: Percent Reporting Nonmedical Drug Use, by Type of Drug, Past 12 Months

  8. Predicting Use ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05; †p < .10; †† Reference category for this variable is “none”

  9. Regression Results ***p < .01; **p < .05; *p < .10

  10. Cyber-Crime • Crime that occurs over the internet using a computer • Cyber markets • Fraud • Hacking • Sexual predators + police response • Development of criminal communities

  11. Cyber-Markets I • Piracy • Software, Music, Movies, Television Broadcasts, Books… • Requires minimal skill, but does entail some risks (viruses, lawsuits, etc.) • Estimates vary, but roughly 1/3 of Americans report pirating • Higher estimates among youth, especially COLLEGE KIDS! • UMD STUDENTS = 62% pirated in past year, 20% did so “frequently” • File Sharing: Napster  Bit Torrents  Latest? • Music and video piracy appears to be declining. Why?

  12. Cyber Markets II • Beyond pirating • Use of legitimate internet sites (eBay, Craig's list) to engage in crime • Fraud, Sell Stolen Goods Violent Crime, Illicit Sex/Drug Markets • Use of illegitimate sites to engage in crime • “Silk Road,” Bit Coins, and so forth

  13. Cyber pornography market • Defining “pornography” has always been problematic • Especially problematic in the internet age • Other major issues • Access by Minors • Unwanted solicitation • Child pornography • Federal legislation has had limited success… • Communications Decency act of 1996 • Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998 • Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000

  14. Cyber Fraud • Traditional Fraud Scams • A friend from Nigeria wished to transfer a million dollars into your account • Phishing and Pharming scams • Your Ebay account has been compromised! • Hacking • Major concern with many of these techniques is identity theft • Use your information to take out loans, get credit cards, etc.

  15. Identity Theft • The unlawful use of another person’s identifying information • Use of name, DOB, social security number, credit card number…to commit fraud or other crimes • Examples? • Internet and information age has made this much easier

  16. Combating Identity Theft • State Legislation • “Freeze laws” – stops access to credit reports • Laws to redact fraudulent transactions from credit reports • Disclosure laws—if your info has been compromised • New emphasis on information privacy • Risk minimization • Guard SS# and other private info, look at credit reports, shred sensitive paper, don’t open suspicious email…

  17. Cybercrime Communities • Anonymity of cyberspace • Deviant Subcultures have anonymous/safe arena to share information and engage in crime • Child Pornography • Drug Distribution

  18. Police use of Internet • Stings/Proactive Policing for Sexual Predators • How often do youngsters get propositioned? • How savvy are youngsters? • Ethical/Legal Issues • New Yorker Article (Moodle) • Are these individuals who would have committed crimes without police involvement? • Many already did (child pornography, etc.) • What sort of sanctions are warranted for these crimes?

  19. Hacking • Motivations Vary • Fun/thrill/rep/challenge • “Hacktivism” • WikiLeaks, anonymous, etc • Fraud Scams • Political “cyber attacks” • Methods • Accessing files/records • “Denial of Service” attacks • “Man in the Middle” diversion

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