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Fundamentals of Wind Energy

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Fundamentals of Wind Energy

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    1. Fundamentals of Wind Energy

    2. Power in the Wind Where ? is air density (kg/m3), A is area (m2), and V is velocity (m/s).

    3. Air Density Where p is air pressure (mb), R is the gas constant, and T is temperature (K)

    4. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

    6. Identifying the Wind Resource

    7. Vegetative Indicators--Wind Throw

    8. Increase in Wind Speed Over Ridges

    9. Wind Sensors

    10. Wind Direction

    11. Seasonal Wind Distribution

    12. Rayleigh Wind Speed Distribution

    13. Weibull Wind Speed Distribution For Same Average Speed

    14. Turbulence & Obstructions

    15. Speed, Power, & Height 1/7 (0.14), Low Grass Prairies 1/4 (0.25), Suburbs 0.40, Urban

    16. Increase in Wind Speed with Height

    17. Increase in Power with Height

    18. Change in Wind Speed & Power with Height

    19. Typical Tower Height

    21. California Wind Resources

    22. Wind Resources of the Dakotas

    24. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

    25. AEO Estimating Methods Back-of-the-Envelope (Swept Area) Simple Approximation Power Curve & Speed Distribution Method Used by the Pros Accuracy Dependent Upon Data Manufacturers’ Tables Dependent Upon Honesty of Manufacturer Software Must Know Assumptions Used (RETScreen)

    28. Measured Efficiency of Small Wind Turbines @ Wulf Field

    29. AEO Small Wind Turbines

    30. Conversion Efficiency

    31. California Annual Specific Yield

    32. North American Mid-Continent Wind Sites

    33. North American Mid-Continent Wind Sites

    34. Tararua New Zealand Yields

    35. AEO Medium & Large Turbines

    36. Estimating AEO Swept Area Method for 7 m/s*

    37. Sample Power Curve Calculation Power Curve

    38. Sample Power Curve Calculation Speed Distribution

    39. Sample Power Curve Calculation Annual Energy Production

    41. Net Generation from Wind Plants

    42. Wind Energy Software Spreadsheets Integrated (Tom Wind) Fully Integrated (RETScreen) Wind Farm Design Tools WAsP (Risø) WindFarm (ReSoft) WindFarmer (Garrad Hassan) WindPro (EMD) WindMap (Brower)

    47. Paul Gipe & Assoc.

    48. Sources of Information Trade Magazines European Wind Reports German Market Survey Books Web Sites Workshops

    49. Trade Magazines Windpower Monthly WindStats WinDirections RE World New Energy Neue Energie North American Windpower Systèmes Solaires

    50. BTM-Consult DEWI Magazin ISET WMEP European Wind Reports

    51. Paul Gipe & Assoc. Book & CD-Rom German Market Survey

    52. Power Curves Noise Power Factor Flicker Measured Performance Data

    53. Pricing Model Tower Transformer €/kWh/annum €/m2

    55. New Wind Books

    56. WWW Sites www.windpower.dk Danish Manufacturers www.eole.org/ en français www.wind-energie.de BWE, German Wind Turbine Owners wind-works.org Archive of Articles by Paul Gipe

    57. Don’t Be Afraid of Foreign Language Web Sites

    58. Suivi-Eolien France

    59. Suivi-Eolien France

    60. Case Studies

    61. Distributed (Self) Generation Schafer Systems: Taking a Gamble Adair, Iowa, 1995 V27, 225 kW, 480 VAC 5.8 m/s Site ~$300,000 500,000 kWh/yr Net Metering 75% of Load

    62. Schafer Systems No Tax Credit $3,000/yr Insurance (2X projected) 8 yr. Payback Abuts I-80 R-o-W Rezoned for Height Ice Throw to Roof Lightning

    63. Case Study-Altamont Pass Peak Development 81-88 ~5,000 Turbines ~550 MW (Capped) ~1 TWh/yr Early Turbines ~20 Years Old Aging High Maintenance Slated for “Repowering” Since 1998!

    64. Case Study-Altamont Pass ~$2 Billion Invested Birds Remain an Issue Good Match w/ Load Peak Winds Summer Evenings When Convective Heating Greatest USW/Kenetech Dominated Yields Good on Later Turbines 650-850 kWh/m2/yr

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