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The Use of Faceted Analytico-Synthetic Theory as Revealed in the Practice of Website Construction and Design

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The Use of Faceted Analytico-Synthetic Theory as Revealed in the Practice of Website Construction and Design

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    1. The Use of Faceted Analytico-Synthetic Theory as Revealed in the Practice of Website Construction and Design Kathryn La Barre: Dissertation Proposal Defense 2-23-05 School of Library and Information Science Indiana University, Bloomington

    2. 2 Peeling the onion In Calvin Mooers’ words, “Facet provides an analytical tool; that is, the idea of facet allows you to peel the onion of an idea.”

    3. 3 Outline Brief overview of development of FAST Basic definitions Brief introduction to proposed research Overview Questions/Limitations Literature Review and current work Discussion of proposed research Questions Methods

    4. 4 From Practice (1925-1932) “During the years 1925 to 1932, there was no theory to guide the design… to recognize the components and facets. It was all trial and error.” Ranganathan. (1989). Colon Classification. 7th ed. revised and edited by M.A. Gopinath. Bangalore: DRTC. p. 3-9

    5. 5 To a Dynamic Theory of Classification (1947-1961) “Readers were observed, their reactions were noted; and discussions held with them. Thus suggestions were slowly collected for improving the design. Two International Study conferences were held, one at Dorking (1957), the other at Elsinore (1964). This provided opportunity to discuss the subject with a colleagues… This gave further stimulus to the development of the dynamic theory of classification. It is only, after gaining some experience with trial and error method, [that] Guiding Principles are usually evolved. As the saying goes: ‘Poetry first, Prosody afterwards.’ ”

    6. 6 Based on an explicitly stated hierarchy of normative principles (1962-1986) Consisting of Canons Postulates Principles Ranganathan, S.R. (1967). Prolegomena to Library Classification 3rd ed. see esp. Part R and (1962). Elements of library classification. 3rd ed.

    7. 7 Faceted analytico-synthetic theory Most inclusive terminology / indicates the existence of guiding principles / incorporates: Facet Analysis: technique entity analyzed into facets (characteristics-things, concepts-ideas) Faceted Classification: structure Consists of schedules for basic classes with pre-determined facets for all entities. Analytico-Synthetic Classification Five step process: from facet analysis to notation. My terminology: Other terms in use Facet analytical approach Faceted analytical theory Faceted classification Facet analysis My terminology: Other terms in use Facet analytical approach Faceted analytical theory Faceted classification Facet analysis

    8. 8 Research overview Exploratory study Information organization and access Faceted approaches Traditional - LIS Websites – KM/ IA Methods Content analysis of websites Semi-structured interviews

    9. 9 Research questions (1) What types of access and organizational structures are used in websites? (2) What is the evidence that there is use of faceted analytico-synthetic theory in website construction and design of website search tools? (3) In what ways do the products of those Web designers who make explicit claims to utilize or be informed by faceted analytico-synthetic theory conform to or depart from the theory as described in LIS literature?

    10. 10 Research limitations Focus on website organization and access systems No capture or analysis of metadata No analysis of controlled vocabularies (presence will be noted). Why? Proprietary Hidden aspects Potentially fruitful – later stage of researchWhy? Proprietary Hidden aspects Potentially fruitful – later stage of research

    11. 11 Outline Brief overview development of FAST basic definitions Brief introduction to proposed research overview questions/limitations Literature Review and current work Discussion of proposed research Questions Methods

    12. 12 Distribution of FAST publications/topic themes 1950-present

    13. 13 Summary – Traditional FAST Transition from traditional academic work to current discussion today among community of interest – practitioners/designersTransition from traditional academic work to current discussion today among community of interest – practitioners/designers

    14. 14 FAST in Cyberspace 2000-present September 2001 - Peter Merholz “Innovation in classification” January 2002 - Travis Wilson FacetMap March 2002 – Phil Murray KMConnection April 2002 - Discussion on SIG/IA list May 2002 – Peter Van Dijck XFML July 2002 – Rosenfeld and Morville Information Architecture for the World Wide Web. 2nd Ed. December 2002 – Van Dijck/ Murray establish Faceted Classification discussion list

    15. 15 FAST in Cyberspace Epicurious http://www.epicurious.com Wine.com http://www.wine.com Siderean software http://www.siderean.com/ Endeca software http://endeca.com/ Adiuri systems http://www.adiuri.com/ These website and software vendors are often used as examples in the discussion about “faceted classification” on the Web.These website and software vendors are often used as examples in the discussion about “faceted classification” on the Web.

    17. 17

    18. 18 Review of similar studies Website flow (Hoffman & Novak, 1996) Website feature analysis (Fogg, 2002) E-commerce sites (Ho, 1997) E-commerce and FC (Adkisson, 2003) Many studies focus exclusively on the graphic design of websites or upon usability issues. Four studies which provide guidelines for the development of website content categories (Fogg), analyze the relative importance of website components upon usability or functionality (Hoffman/Novak). Others analyze e-commerce sites specifically - 1800 (Ho) and look for evidence of faceting (Adkisson)—impetus for studyMany studies focus exclusively on the graphic design of websites or upon usability issues. Four studies which provide guidelines for the development of website content categories (Fogg), analyze the relative importance of website components upon usability or functionality (Hoffman/Novak). Others analyze e-commerce sites specifically - 1800 (Ho) and look for evidence of faceting (Adkisson)—impetus for study

    19. 19 Outline Brief overview development of FAST basic definitions Brief introduction to proposed research overview questions/limitations Literature Review and current work Discussion of proposed research Questions Methods

    20. 20 Proposed research process Phase I STEP I: Framework and criteria for sampling and analysis of websites. Prepare coding manual (pilot). STEP 2: Content analysis (preliminary) of websites in sample for components// creation of wireframes STEP 3: Analyze sites for FAST. Determine site grouping by type of sites identified as using FAST. Content analysis (secondary) of sample for evidence of FAST. (Q1) What types of access and organizational structures are used in websites? (Q2) What is the evidence that there is use of FAST in website construction and design of website construction tools

    21. 21 Proposed research process Phase II Prepare interview instrument/ prompts (informed by Phase I: Step 3 – secondary analysis of websites) Identify designers Conduct semi-structured interviews (Q2) What is the evidence that there is use of FAST in website construction and design of website search tools? (Q3) In what ways do the products of those Web designers who make explicit claims to utilize or be informed by faceted analytico-synthetic theory conform to or depart from the theory as described in LIS literature?

    22. 22 Phase I: Research question 1 (Q1) What types of access and organizational structures are used in websites? STEP 1 Sampling issues Web website Framework for analysis Coding manual – preliminary site analysis

    23. 23 Web: Sampling issues Krippendorf (1980). “A sampling plan must assure that within the constraints imposed by available knowledge about the phenomena, each unit has the same chance of being represented in the collection of sampling units” Size of the Web Variable persistence Fluid content Size – makes it difficult to draw a representative sample Persistence – time bounded nature of data collection Fluid content – important to capture / site map/ wireframe / page itselfSize – makes it difficult to draw a representative sample Persistence – time bounded nature of data collection Fluid content – important to capture / site map/ wireframe / page itself

    24. 24 Sampling approaches Randomly drawn pages search engines and directories. (Bates & Lu, 1997; Bucy et al., 1999; Ha & James, 1998; Haas & Grams, 2000; Koehler, 1999). Method for representative random sampling of the web. O'Neill, McClain, and Lavoie (1997).

    25. 25 Proposed website sampling framework (two-part) Typology: Alexander, J. & Tate, M. (1999). Web wisdom: How to evaluate and create information quality on the Web. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: New York. )Alexander and Tate typology: http://www2.widener.edu/Wolfgram-Memorial-Library/webevaluation/webeval.htm Advocacy Web Page: sponsored by an organization attempting to influence public opinion (that is, one trying to sell ideas). URL frequently ends in .org (organization) Business/Marketing Web Page: sponsored by a commercial enterprise (usually it is a page trying to promote or sell products). URL frequently ends in .com (commercial). News Web Page: primary purpose is to provide extremely current information. URL usually ends in .com (commercial). Informational Web Page: purpose is to present factual information. URL frequently ends in .edu or .gov Examples: Dictionaries, thesauri, directories, transportation schedules, calendars of events, statistical data, and other factual information such as reports, presentations of research, or information about a topic. Personal Web Page: published by an individual who may or may not be affiliated with a larger institution. URL may have a variety of endings (e.g. .com, .edu, etc.), a tilde (~) is frequently embedded somewhere in the URL Why? Robust and complete typology – evaluative criteria, support in-depth consideration of a site.Why? Robust and complete typology – evaluative criteria, support in-depth consideration of a site.

    26. 26 Proposed sampling framework DMOZ -categories DMOZ discussion: Open Directory Project – cross section of the Web chosen by volunteer editors according to strict editorial guidelines – currency, completeness and quality. 4 million sites (core of Google and other Web directories). Example of way sites are presented and some of main categories (World for non-English sites). Presumably, as a result this project has resulted in a collection of websites that will represent the best, most reliable, most frequently consulted and carefully constructed sites on the web. == Desirable population for study. Many of the categories map onto the A & T typology. Why these two? Conceptually related, (access to goods or information) yet provide a contrast. Sites in these areas are highly dependent on sucessful navigation are likely to take advantage of org and access structures and to demonstrate current approaches. Must start somewhere to make comparisons. DMOZ discussion: Open Directory Project – cross section of the Web chosen by volunteer editors according to strict editorial guidelines – currency, completeness and quality. 4 million sites (core of Google and other Web directories). Example of way sites are presented and some of main categories (World for non-English sites). Presumably, as a result this project has resulted in a collection of websites that will represent the best, most reliable, most frequently consulted and carefully constructed sites on the web. == Desirable population for study. Many of the categories map onto the A & T typology. Why these two? Conceptually related, (access to goods or information) yet provide a contrast. Sites in these areas are highly dependent on sucessful navigation are likely to take advantage of org and access structures and to demonstrate current approaches. Must start somewhere to make comparisons.

    27. 27 Website analytical framework (Budd, 1967). Coding unit – smallest segment of content being counted and scored Context units – body of material surrounding the coding unit (McMillan, 2000). Subdividing sampling units into smaller recording units = eases coding, reliability, analytic flexibility. Coding unit – org access features Context unit/ webpage basis of wireframe. Recording units help me move to fine-grained understanding/analysis of access structures for navigation. Coding unit – org access features Context unit/ webpage basis of wireframe. Recording units help me move to fine-grained understanding/analysis of access structures for navigation.

    28. 28 Website considerations (McMillan, 2000). Most common context unit is the website, or home page. Wide variance in coding units. (Ha, 2000). “Home page as ideal unit of analysis as it determines whether or not site visitors will stay…search…browse” (Weare and Lin, 2000). Focus on single Web page as defined by URL – “first page presented when entering a website.” “Most appropriate for research focusing on structural aspects of the WWW” (O'Neill, McClain, and Lavoie, 1997) “Web page: … a machine-readable file which can be displayed within a Web browser without requiring additional software. This includes HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) files and pure text files. A Web site is the collection of all Web pages located at the same top-level or “base” URL (Uniform Resource Locator). Support for approach I will be taking. Will go into finer grained detail.Support for approach I will be taking. Will go into finer grained detail.

    29. 29 Phase I: Research question 1 (Q1) What types of access and organizational structures are used in websites? STEP 2 (Preliminary) Content analysis Coding categories Wireframe creation

    30. 30 Content analysis issues Coding units (McMillan, 2000) “Can be expected to vary depending on the theory upon which the study is based, the research questions explored, and the hypotheses tested. No standard seems to have emerged for the Web.” “Common coding unit: structural features of a website.” Mc Millan’s lit review examines different ways to conduct CA of websites. Supports CA of structural features of websites. Coding will occur at level of website structureMc Millan’s lit review examines different ways to conduct CA of websites. Supports CA of structural features of websites. Coding will occur at level of website structure

    31. 31 W3C DOM nodes – website components Content level rationale for CA approach. Promulgated by the W3C -- Nodes and encoding DOM makes possible a structural rendering of all components that are possible on webpage. <input> = event like search. These programming structures are used by programmers, designers for construction of sites. This is the view of designers to the structure of website content. Consortium leading body in setting website standards. This underlies much website development practice. Good place to start for development of coding scheme . Form as example of Content level rationale for CA approach. Promulgated by the W3C -- Nodes and encoding DOM makes possible a structural rendering of all components that are possible on webpage. <input> = event like search. These programming structures are used by programmers, designers for construction of sites. This is the view of designers to the structure of website content. Consortium leading body in setting website standards. This underlies much website development practice. Good place to start for development of coding scheme . Form as example of

    32. 32 Document Object Model The Document Object Model (DOM) is an application programming interface (API) for valid HTML and well-formed XML documents. It defines the logical structure of documents and the way a document is accessed and manipulated. The DOM presents documents as a hierarchy of Node objects that also implement other, more specialized interfaces. With the DOM, programmers and designers can build documents, navigate their structure, and add, modify, or delete content. As a W3C specification, one important objective for the DOM is to provide a standard programming interface that can be used in a wide variety of environments and applications. The DOM is designed to be used with any programming language.

    33. 33 Page components (recording units) Rosenfeld and Morville (2002):IA Component categories: Browsing aids- Organization systems Site-wide navigation/ Local Navigation Sitemaps/ Table of contents Site indexes/ guides/ wizards Contextual linking systems Search aids Search interface Query language Retrieval algorithms Search zones Search results Third level/ rationale for CA and data collection decisions. R & M is highly cited, well-known to this group. Makes practice explicit. Method WWW3 Source widely accepted and used in practice.Third level/ rationale for CA and data collection decisions. R & M is highly cited, well-known to this group. Makes practice explicit. Method WWW3 Source widely accepted and used in practice.

    34. 34 R&M component categories - continued Content and tasks Headings Embedded links/Metadata Content chunks Lists Sequential aids Invisible components Controlled vocabularies Thesauri Rule sets

    35. 35 Components of interest Site map Website navigation Ordering principles Search features Advanced search Results display

    36. Wireframe process Begin with website for data capture. Print site out, capture site mapBegin with website for data capture. Print site out, capture site map

    37. Wireframe/ epicurious.com Logo recipes|features|cooking|drinking|restaurants|drinking|shop recipe box/recipe collections/slidshows/forums/find a recipe BROWSE advanced search ____________ browse all recipes Main ingredient Preparation method Cuisine Season/ Occasion Special considerations Course/ Meal Dish Help|site map|contact|masthead|mag|ads|log in signup edit log out| Create wireframe, abstract representation of a webpage, graphics and content removed. Captures elements of interest. Create wireframe, abstract representation of a webpage, graphics and content removed. Captures elements of interest.

    38. 38 Phase I: Research question 2 (Q2) What is the evidence that there is use of FAST in website construction and design of website construction tools? STEP 3: Framework for site analysis / FAST. Coding manual – secondary analysis draws upon Step 1 and 2. FAST identified - Site groupings by type.

    39. 39 Phase II: Research question 2 (Q2) What is the evidence that there is use of FAST in website construction and design of website search tools? Process: informed by Phase I – Step 3 Prepare interview instrument Prepare wireframe prompts (generic)

    40. 40 Phase II: Research question 3 (Q3) In what ways do the products of those Web designers who make explicit claims to utilize or be informed by faceted analytico-synthetic theory conform to or depart from the theory as described in LIS literature? Process Identify designers Prepare wireframe prompts (specific) Conduct semi-structured interviews Explain the lit review in beginning that provides the FAST from the literature. Setting up comparisonExplain the lit review in beginning that provides the FAST from the literature. Setting up comparison

    41. 41 Interview Instruments Semi-structured interview Pre-test of instruments Questions Prompts Ready after content analysis. Guesses. Develop based on instrumentReady after content analysis. Guesses. Develop based on instrument

    42. 42 Conclusion Potential contributions Descriptive contribution to the literature about the types of access and search structures currently used on websites. May provide new understanding of the ways in which faceting is or is not used on websites in the design and construction of website access and organizational structures. Study provides a novel way to address issues about the relation of theory and practice in the context of a particular domain. Ways it could go. Any of these conclusions will be worthwhile. END. May show no connection, next step to make a connection. Address theor issues (extend theory). Address practice (guideline). Announce relation exists. Hybrid, what does/doesn’t work. Ways it could go. Any of these conclusions will be worthwhile. END. May show no connection, next step to make a connection. Address theor issues (extend theory). Address practice (guideline). Announce relation exists. Hybrid, what does/doesn’t work.

    43. 43 Questions

    44. 44

    45. 45 Choices: Combined findings (phase 1 and 2) may indicate ways in which org/access structures may be improved/strengthened by consistent application of theory Uncover novel areas of practice augment/ improve “dynamic theory” First step – other paths possible Potential for adoption? Guidelines to enhance practice Theoretical extensions Design process (longitudinal) Usability

    46. 46 People of interest: IA Summit – Lists – Blogs Heidi Adkisson Web Design Practices Karl Fast, PhD student in library and information science at the University of Western Ontario. Louis Gruenberg: Answers Research & Communication Services (ARCS) Fred Leise: President of ContextualAnalysis, LLC, is an information architecture consultant Yves Marleau Vice-President, Knowledge Management Peter Merholz, Adaptive Path Peter Morville Semantic Studios Steve Mulder, Senior consultant in User Experience / Molecular Phil Murray KMConnection Louis Rosenfeld /co-founder Argus Amy Warner: Lexonomy.com consulting firm Travis Wilson: FacetMap Academic/practitioners David Batty (here and there) Vanda Broughton (UC London UDC) Claudio Gnoli/ Luciana Rossetti (U. Pavia) Marti Hearst – Flamenco UC Berkeley Jack Mills (CRG/ BCA) Steve Pollitt – HighBrowse for Embase Aida Slavic (UC London) Doug Tudhope (U. Glamorgan) Brian Vickery (there and back again)

    47. 47 Interview material Background knowledge, books, resources used in practice Visual prompts (generic pages) Visual prompts (specific pages) Design and construction process System constraints Awareness of theory? Use in practice?

    48. 48 Guiding Principles Postulates: Five fundamental categories: PMEST Three planes of work: Idea Verbal Notational Canons: Parsimony Symmetry 5 laws of LS (Books are for use) (Books are for all) (Every book its reader) (Save the time of the reader) (A library is a growing organism). Others: Consistent sequence Currency Enumeration Context Reticence Relativity Mnemonics Viewpoint Classics Distinctiveness

    49. 49 Comparison A&T/DMOZ Alexander and Tate (1) Advocacy –influence public opinion (2) Business/Marketing –promote or sell products (3) News- provide extremely current information (4) Informational- present factual information (5) Personal-published by an individual DMOZ category (1) Society (2) Adult, Business, Computers, Recreational,Shopping (3) News (4) Arts,Games,Health,Kids and Teens, Reference, Regional, Science (5) May be scattered throughout the categories, though editorial guidelines may preclude inclusion of personal homepages in some categories.

    50. 50 Typologies – By Domain – By Type By domain Rough guide .gov/ .com /.org/ .net By type Esrock and Leichty (2000) Corporate site typology: Business to business Shopping Single Product Search engine marketing (2004) Content Site CNN and CNET Forum Blog Directory Site Brochure or Organization Site Business site: (promotion) Commerce (selling) Download site Information site: Shock site: Game site: Vanity site: Wiki s

    51. 51 Typologies – By Content – By Function By Content / components Ha and James (1998) Navigation aids Search engines Site maps Rosenfeld and Morville (2002) Organization Labeling systems Navigation systems Search systems Hwang, McMillan and Lee (2003). Corporate sites Graphics Text Multimedia By Function Hwang, McMillan and Lee (2001). Corporate sites Communication About company About brand About sales Audience Special interest/news/ads RecruitmentSurvey Cockburn and Wilson (1997) company web presence Info About company About products About service Ordering/Payment (Conventional or Online)

    52. 52 Typologies – For evaluation – Link structure For evaluative purposes Argus (1997) Level of Resource Description: objective Level of Resource Evaluation subjective Design (aesthetics/usability) Organization (scheme) Metainformation Alexander and Tate(1999) Advocacy Business/Marketing News Informational Personal Link structure Jackson (1997) Connectedness (hypertext, satellite) Dominance (index, linear) Brin and Page (1998) PageRank (Google) Haas, S.W., & Grams, E.S. (1998). Navigation Expansion Resource Courtesy Advertisement

    53. 53 Peter Van Dijck’s Guide to Ease (blog) Comments on the Bliss Classification Association – Bibliographic Classification Guide. 10 October, 2002. http://www.poorbuthappy.com/ease/archives/001603.html “The standard categories recognized in ‘classical; facet analysis are: Thing – kind – part – property – material – process – operation – patient – product – by product – agent – space – time.” <BCA website> Why do these people try to specify what facets are useful? Surely if I want to classify my content using a facet called “How impressed I was with this content when I first saw it” then that is a perfectly valid facet? This underlying assumption that there are ‘generic’ or ‘correct’ ways of categorizing the world is just, well, wrong. The world doesn’t have an ‘inherent’ classification that we just have to discover. All classification gets its meaning from the people using it, not from the objects being classified.

    54. 54 Travis Wilson (creator of FacetMap): Thread: Special vs. General Schemes: Date: Wed, 12 Mar 2003 09:14:11 +0000 http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.infodesign.facetedclassification/170/match=facet At the other extreme, the universal qualities espoused by Ranganathan and others just don't apply to many resources that deserve classification. The "space" facet only works in the context of resources that have physical incarnations in a spatial location; perhaps this is obvious, but it confirms that there is indeed a context -- one that many data-based resources don't share. In the end, the whole idea of a set of general facets as a "framework for facets typical of each discipline" simply limits the number of disciplines that can use FC (to those that fit within the framework). Ranganathan was really not concerned with disciplines outside of biology. I don't think that kind of limitation is appropriate for faceted classification in general, and I hope we don't impose it.

    55. 55 Example: Literature Hierarchical/ Faceted English Prose Poetry sonnet ballad French Prose Poetry sonnet ballad German Prose Poetry sonnet ballad Language EN FR GR Form Prose Poetry sonnet ballad

    56. 56 Illustration of faceted and hierarchical website structures: Rosenfeld, L. & Morville, P. (2002). Information architecture for the World Wide Web. Cambridge, MA: O’Reill. P. 205.

    57. 57 Definition

    58. 58 Facet Facet: A generic term used to denote any component of a compound subject, <including> ranked forms, terms and numbers (Ranganathan, 1967, p. 88). A general manifestation of a subject (Ranganathan, 1962, p. 82). Groups of terms derived by taking each term and defining it, per genus et differentiam, with respect for its parent class (Vickery, 1960, p. 12). Facet analytical approach: Proper and rigorous practice of facet analysis by observing the rules of logical division. (Broughton, 2001, p. 67; Mills, 2004, p. 268). one characteristic of division is applied at a time [conceptual analysis] division steps should be logical and proximate division should be exhaustive (Mills, 2004, pp. 551).

    59. 59 Planes of work Idea: The work of FA takes place in the Idea plane, where an entity is analyzed into component parts Verbal: FA continues here as further sorting and transformation of the selected categories/facets or terms occur. Notational: work of FC -- translating selected terms into notation.

    60. 60 Facets continued Supports the notion that information can be assigned to multiple dimensions and may have individual attributes not intrinsic to the information. Small components of larger entities/units. Properties Attributes Characteristics Slots Relations Functions Concepts

    61. 61 High level categories

    62. 62 Classification The placing of subjects into categories The process of determining where an information package fits into a given hierarchy and then assigning the notation with the appropriate level of hierarchy to the information and to its surrogate. Taylor, A. (1999). The organization of information. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.

    63. 63 Classification- assigning objects to classes Objects to be classified into a system are called elements, cases, units, exemplars, specimens or items. They are the sources or `carriers' of properties, characteristics or variables. A property can only be useful in a classification, if it varies within the set of objects, that is, if at least two different values (categories, states, labels) on the respective property occur in the sample. When more than one property is used to characterize an object, the object can be described as a vector of values, a profile, a set of symptoms, or a pattern of features. The crucial assumption underlying classification is that objects are elements of a class, of a set, of a partition or-in biology-of a taxon. In other terminologies, the terms `category' or `cluster' are also used. Classification is the process of finding classes and of assigning entities to these classes. The end product of this order-creating process, however, is often also referred to as `classification.' To stress this distinction, the term `classification system' can be used for the end-product, although in clinical psychology and biology the word `taxonomy' is more common. Identification is the assignment of a specific case or object to (usually only) one of the classes. H. Feger (2001). Classification: Conceptions in the Social Sciences. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 1966-1973.

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