Common law

1. Common law • "The duty to keep a contract at common law means a prediction that you must pay damages if you do not keep it - and nothing else" • (Oliver W. Holmes, ZDA, 1897) • “Although this dictum exaggerates the extent to which orders for compulsory performance are excluded from actions for breach of contract, it does indicate how damages are quite frequently the sole option for the injured party.” (Collins (Anglija, 1993)

2. UCC § 2-716(1): • A court may decree specific performance "where the goods are unique or in other proper circumstances."

3. Splošni del DK Členi 1-14

4. Avtonomija (Art. 6) • “The parties may exclude the application of this Convention or, subject to article 12, derogate from or vary the effect of any of its provisions.”

5. Avtonomija • Domneva o uporabi DK, česo izpolnjeni pogoji iz 1(1). člena. • Izključitev mora biti jasna … • Ne zadostuje: • “the laws of Switzerland« • »Austrian law • “French law« • Primer: izbira gospodarskega sodišča v HH je implicitna izbira D prava, torej DK

6. Interpretacija DK - 7/1 “In the interpretation of this Convention, regard is to be had to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.”

7. InterpretacijaDK • Neodvisna (avtonomna) • ne skozi nacionalne pravne sisteme DČ • Upoštevanje odločb v drugih DČ • CLOUT • Unilex • Podatkovne zbirke (Pace, Cisg-online)

8. Dobra vera (vestnost in poštenje) • Veliko nacionalnih zakonodaj gre dlje (BGB, BW, Cc, UCC, OR Cc it)

9. Governed by, but not expressly settled in… (Art. 7(2)) “(2) Questions concerning matters governed by this Convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

10. Article 7(2) • Polnjenje praznin • Omogoča, da forum ostane ‘znotraj’ DK in ni treba uporabiti nac. prava • Ne glede izključenih vprašanj (2-5 DK) • Veljavnost • Produktna odgovornost glede osebne škode • Prenos LP

11. Kaj se uporabi? • Splošna načela DK • Analogija • težko ugotoviti • Nacionalno pravo (MZP) • lex mercatoria

12. Običajno pravo (9 DK) • (1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreedand any practices which they have established between themselves. • (2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to haveimpliedly made applicable to their contract or its formation ausage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and whichin international trade is widely known to, and regularly observedby, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.

13. Sedež/Prebivališče (10 DK) • For the purpose of this Convention: • (a) if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract; (b) if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to e made to his habitual residence.

14. Open price terms • Ponudba (pogodba) ne vsebuje: • Cene • Kriterijev za določitev cene • Stranki ‘pustita prazno’ ali se dogovorita, da bosta ceno oz. kriterije določili kasneje (zakaj?)

15. Ponudba je dovolj določena: • Opis blaga • Izrecna ali implicitna določitev • količine in • cene • Ponudba, ki ni dovolj določena, ni veljavna • Francoski lobby

16. 55. člen DK »Če je bila pogodba veljavno sklenjena, ne da bi izrecno ali implicitno določala ceno ali pa vsaj kriterije za njeno določitev, se šteje, če ni indikacij o nasprotnem, da sta se stranki implicitno sporazumeli za ceno, ki se je običajno zaračunavala v času sklenitve pogodbe za takšno blago v primerljivih okoliščinah, v isti branži.«

17. Činčilini kožuhi K(A) K(I) P(D) F: A “at a price between 35 and 65 German Marks for furs of medium and superior quality”

18. Činčilini kožuhi » … zadostuje, če sta se stranki tudi brez natančnejše določitve faktorjev, ki so merodajni za določitev cene, tiho odločili za neko ceno, ki je vsaj določljiva.«

19. Pratt & Whitney/Malev K (H) P(ZDA) F: H Različne variante – paketi …

20. Kriterij izpolnjen: • “the price for similar goods in a previous contract between the parties for a transaction in which there was no specific agreement on price because the parties had established a course of dealing” (H); • “prices are to be adjusted to reflect market prices” (F); • “agreement on a provisional price, to be followed by the definitive price after the buyer resold the goods to exclusive final buyer because such an arrangement is regularly observed in the trade” (ICC). • “if the intent to be bound by an acceptance is established a proposal is sufficiently definite notwithstanding the failure to specify the price” (CH)

21. Kriterij ni izpolnjen • “the parties would agree on the price of additional goods ten days before the new year”.(Arb. RS)

22. Ali je bila pogodba glede na 14. člen DK veljavno sklenjena? • Ne • Da, če se 14. člen DK ne uporablja • Pridržek • Izločitev s strani strank • Širokosrčni 55. člen ‘nevtralizira’ učinke 14. člena

23. Rešitev? • Ne sklepati pogodb z ‘open price terms’ • Izločitev 14. člena DK in izbira nacionalnega prava, ki takšne pogodbe izrecno dopušča

24. Obveznosti P (30 DK) The seller must deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them, and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract and this Convention.

25. Obveznosti P (30 DK) • Izročitev blaga • Izročitev dokumentov • Prenos lastnine

26. Izročitev blaga • Izročitev blaga v posest K • Izročitev blaga prevozniku, • Izročitev konosamenta

27. Istovetnost • P mora izročiti količino, kakovost in vrsto blaga kot je določeno v pogodbi • DK: načelo istovetnosti (conformity):

28. Člen 35/1 DK • “The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which arecontained or packaged in the manner required by the contract.”

29. Ni istovetno blago, ki (35/2 DK): • Je neprimerno za običajno uporabo po splošnih merilih • Je neprimerno za poseben namen, ki je bil prodajalcu znan ob sklenitvi pogodbe • Ni v skladu z vzorcem ali modelom • Ni pakirano na način, ki je običajen za tovrstno blago

30. 36 DK • “The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack ofconformity becomes apparent only after that time. •  (2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity whichoccurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph andwhich is due to a breach of any guarantee that for a period oftime the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or willretain specified qualities or characteristics.”

31. Izročitev dokumentov • javnopravni dokumenti (uvozno dovoljenje) • dokumenti v zvezi s tretjimi (zavarovalna polica) • Certifikati

32. Certifikati • Certifikati kakovosti (certificate of quality) • Certifikati o izvoru (certificate of origin). • Certifikati o kontroli blaga

33. Prenos lastnine • Zelo velike razlike • Konsenzualni sistem • Lastnina preide s sklenitvijo pogodbe (F, I, E, B) • Tradicijski sistem • Potrebna še posebna izročitev (SLO, D, A, CH, NL, ZDA)

34. Uporaba prava • DK ne ureja … • MZP … • Lex rei sitae • Pravo zastave ladje • Pravo države namembnega kraja

35. Primer 1 (Re Wait 1927) • K (VB) kupi 1000t žita od P (ZDA) • K proda 500t K1 (plača vnaprej) • K gre pred prihodom ladje v stečaj … • K2 zahteva od stečajnega upravitelja svoje žito …

36. Primer 2 (Re Goldcorp Exchange Ltd. 1994) • P proda več kupcem zlate palice • Palice se še ne dobavijo in skladiščijo skupaj • P gre v stečaj • K zahtevajo svoje palice …

37. “… common sence dictates that thebuyer cannot acquire title until it is known to what goods the title relates …It make no difference, what the parties intended if what they intend is impossible: as is the case with an immediate transfer of title to goods whose identity is not yet known.”

38. Primer 3 (Elafi 1981) • Ladja prevaža 22t kokosovih jedrc • K kupi 6t in pozneje 0,5t • Ladja raztovori vse blago razen 6,5t • V ladjo vdre voda in poškoduje blago • K trdi da je lastnik in zahteva odškodnino • P trdi da lastnina še ni prešla

39. Primer 4 (Ypatianna 1988) • Toženec je lastnik tankerja in nafte v tankerju • Nafti primeša nafto v lasti tožnikov • Tožnik: posledica pomešanja je, da je on lastnik vse nafte*

40. Razlikovati prodajo: • Individualiziranega blaga • Neindividualiziranega blaga • Prodaja ex Bulk

41. Ni mogoče prenesti LP na: delu nafte v tankerju delu žita v silosu delu vina v sodu

42. individualizacija • Izločitev dela mase • Reduciranje

43. Neindividualizirano blago • Solastnina? • 2-205/4 UCC • 20A SGA 1995 • Naše pravo?

44. Individualizirano blago • Prodajalec izroči blago in zadrži lastnino (pridržek LP) • Prodajalec izroči blago (konosament) in ne zadrži lastnine.

45. Dolžnosti K