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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat.

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PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION

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  1. PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS • PROBLEM - always in the form of a QUESTION • GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS – EDUCATED GUESS 4. EXPERIMENT – test hypothesis 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat

  2. II. EXPERIMENT. Example: A student set up the experiment shown to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to 4 identical containers, each containing 4 seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location. The height of the plants were measured and recorded for 5 weeks.

  3. State a hypothesis for this experiment. • I believe that the plants getting the most water will grow the most.

  4. b. Independent variable = • WATER c. Dependent variable = • HEIGHT

  5. d. Control Group = • Seeds that do not receive water

  6. e. Identify 3 factors that must remain constant. • Amount of soil, amount of sunlight, location, # of seeds, types of seeds… f. What can be done to make the experiment more valid? • Repeat, increase sample size, use only one variable

  7. PART 2. MEASUREMENT I. LENGTH – meter • What is the length of the tadpole at the right? • In centimeters= • 3.1 cm • In millimeters = • 31 mm

  8. II. MASS – • the amount of matter in an object • What instrument is being used to measure the mass of the object at the right? • TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE

  9. 2. What is the mass of the object? • 175.0 gm

  10. III. VOLUME – • The amount of space an object takes up

  11. Calculate the volume of the block below. Show all work in the work space below. • V = l x w x h • V = 2.4 cm x 4.2 cm x 5.3 cm • V = 53.4 cm3

  12. 2. What is the name of the instrument below? • GRADUATED CYLINDER

  13. 3. What is the volume of rock below? • 16 mL – 14 mL • V = 2.0 mL

  14. IV. REVIEW QUESTIONS • What is the temperature shown in the thermometer shown at the right? • 25°C

  15. 2. Convert the following measurements: • 2.45 cm = ?km 0.0000245 km b. 5.46 L = ?mL 5460.0 mL

  16. 1. eyepiece/ocular lens – lens that you look through 2. body tube – connects objective & eyepiece 3. stage – holds the slide 4. coarse adjustment knob – focusing under low power. 5. mirror/light source – provides light 6. fine adjustment knob – focusing for high power 7. base – structure that supports microscope 8. objective lens – lenses that magnify 9. diaphragm – controls amount of light 10. arm – supports body tube PART 3. MICROSCOPEI. PARTS & FUNCTIONS:

  17. A. Eyepiece / ocular lens A II. LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE BELOW. B. Body tube C. Objective lens H B D. Stage I E. Diaphragm C J F. Mirror / light D G. Base E H. Coarse adjustment knob F K G I. Fine adjustment knob J. Arm K. Nosepiece

  18. III. USING THE MICROSCOPE 1. What would happen if you used the coarse adjustment under high power? • The lens and the slide may break!

  19. 2. When you observe a specimen using a microscope, how does the specimen appear? • Upside down and backwards 3. When you move the slide in any direction, how does the specimen on the slide appear to move? • In the opposite direction 4. Which objective lens allows you to observe LARGER field of view? • Low power

  20. 5. Calculate the total magnification: Eyepiece = 15x, Objective = 5x • Total Mag = 75x

  21. 6. What is the student in the picture at the right preparing? • Wet mount 7. Why should the student make sure the cover slip is lowered at an angle? • To prevent air bubbles from forming

  22. IV. MEASURING WITH THE MICROSCOPE • What is the diameter of the field of view shown below? • 3.6 mm • 3600 um

  23. 2. What is the length of one of the cells shown below? • 1.5/3 = • 0.5 mm • 500 um

  24. 3. Determine the lengths of the objects in the microscopes field of view below? a. 0.8 mm 800 um

  25. 4. How many micrometers make up one millimeter? • 1000 um

  26. PART 4. CHEMISTRY • 1. Label the parts of the atom below, and complete the chart. electron neutron proton

  27. 2. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: • a. ELEMENT – • Simple substance that cannot be broken down into something more simple • b. COMPOUND – • 2 or more elements chemically combined • c. MIXTURE – • 2 or more substances physically combined

  28. 3. Identify each property below as a physical or chemical property. • a. Burning: • chemical • b. color: • physical • c. phase (solid, liquid, gas): • physical

  29. 4. Identify each change below as a physical or chemical change. • a. Ripping paper: • physical • b. burning paper: • chemical • c. melting: • physical • d. baking a cake • chemical

  30. 5. Fill in the chart below describing phases of matter:

  31. 6. For each phase change below, identify how the material is changing, and whether heat is being absorbed or released. • a. melting: • S  L, heat absorbed • b. freezing • L  S, heat released • c. evaporation • L  G, heat absorbed • d. condensation • G  L, Heat released

  32. 7. Identify 4 properties of metals: • have luster • Ductile • Malleable • Good conductors of heat and electricity 8. Identify 3 properties of nonmetals: • brittle • Dull (not shiny) • Poor conductors of heat and electricity

  33. 9. Identify the parts of the periodic table being described below: • a. Rows: • periods • b. Elements to left of zig zag line: • metals • c. Columns: • Groups/families • e. Group18: • Noble gases • f. On zig zag line: • Semi-metals/metalloids • g: Elements to right of zig zag line: • nonmetals

  34. 10. Atomic number: • # of protons • 11. Mass number: • # of protons + # of neutrons • Atomic mass rounded to nearest whole number

  35. 12. The diagram below represents n element from the period table. • Atomic #: • 14 • Atomic Mass = • 28.0855 • Mass # = • 28 • # of protons in each atom of this element = • 14 • # of neutrons • 28-14 = 14

  36. 13. On the pH scale below label which section refers to acids, bases, and which pH is considered neutral. base acids neutral

  37. PART 5. CELLS I. CELL THEORY 1. Who developed the cell theory? • a. Hooke = cork under named what he saw “cells” • b. Schleiden = all plants are made of cells • c. Schwann= all animals are made of cells • d. Virchow= all cells come from other cells

  38. 2. a. List the parts of the CELL THEORY below. • Cells are the basic unit of structure for all living things. • Cells are the basic unit of function for all living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells.

  39. Cell membrane – semi-permeable 2. Nucleus – control center a. Nuclear membrane – surrounds nucleus b. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes c.Chromosomes – genetic material 3. Cytoplasm– jelly-like materials, holds all organelles 4. Mitchondria – produces energy (by respiration) 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum –tunnels in the cytoplasm (transport) 6. Vacuoles – storage 7. Ribosomes– produce proteins 8. Golgi bodies – packages and ships 1. Cell Wall – outer wall made of cellulose, protects, gives plant cell shape 2. Chloroplasts – carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll (absorbs light) 1. Lysosomes – contain enzymes that break down/digest materials 2. Centrioles – aid in cell division II. CELL ORGANELLES

  40. V. LABEL THE CELLS ORGANELLES BELOW: A. Nuclear membrane B. Centrioles C. Cell membrane D. Ribosomes E. Cytoplasm F. Lysosome

  41. G. Vacuole H. Golgi bodies I. Mitochondria J. Chromosomes K. Nucleus L. Nucleolus M. ER

  42. A. ER B. Vacuole C. Cell wall D. Cell membrane E. Chloroplasts F. Ribosome

  43. G. Chromosomes H. Nucleus I. Nuclear membrane J. Nucleolus K. Mitochondria L. Cytoplasm M. Golgi bodies

  44. VI. TRANSPORT • PASSIVE TRANSPORT: High low, WITH CONC GRADIENT, NO ENERGY REQUIRED b. What happens to a cell if it’s placed in salt water? • Water leaves the cell (osmosis)  cell shrivels up b. What happens if it is placed in pure water? • Water enters the cell (osmosis)  swells

  45. 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – • low to high, • AGAINST CONCENTRATION GRADIENT • ENERGY REQUIRED

  46. Label each diagram as diffusion, osmosis, or active transport. • Active transport 2. Diffusion (passive transport) 3. Osmosis H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O

  47. VII.RESPIRATION – glucose broken down to produce ENERGY (ATP), MITOCHONDRIA TYPES: • AEROBIC RESPIRATION – uses oxygen, 36 ATP • a. Label the equation below. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP glucoseoxygen carbonwaterenergy dioxide

  48. 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION – fermentation, does not require oxygen, produces only 2 ATP a. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (yeast) C6H12O6 alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP b. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (muscles) C6H12O6 lactic acid + CO2 + 2ATP

  49. VIII. LIVING THINGS • UNICELLULAR ORGANISM – • A living thing made up of only once cell b. MULTICELLUAR ORGANISM – • A living thing made up of 2 or more cells

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