Today is Friday (!), October 18 th , 2013

1. In This Lesson: Cell Organelles – Part 1 (Lesson 4 of 5) Today is Friday (!),October 18th, 2013 Pre-Class: Write in your notebooks what you know about plant and animal cells (and/or their differences). You can be as specific or general as you like/can. Only slightly related to today  Please take a worksheet from the Turn-In Box. http://failblog.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/fail-owned-flytrap-fail.jpg?w=500&h=369

2. Today’s Agenda • Be able to identify and list the functions of some of the cell’s organelles. • Color a little bit. • Distinguish between plant, animal, and other cells like prokaryotes (bacteria). • Where is this in my book? • Academic: Pages 172-180 • Honors: Page 56 and following…

3. Where to begin… • How about the common features? • “Sure!” said the class. • These are the twomost general categories of cells: • Prokaryotes (or “prokaryotic cells”) • Bacteria • Eukaryotes (or “eukaryotic cells”) • Plants, animals, fungi, protists • These are distinguished [mainly] by the presence or absence of the nucleus.

4. Smart Phone vs. “Dumb Phone?” • Let’s explain it this way: Can call Can text Can take photos Can call Can text Can take photos Can make e-chocolate milk Can use maps Can do lots more… Fancy New Phone Mr. Gleicher’s Phone

5. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Let’s explain it this way: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

6. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes (“beforekernel”): • No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles. • Simple and old. • Eukaryotes (“truekernel”): • Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles. • Relatively new and more complex. http://asweknowit.net/images_edu/DWA%205%20eukaryote.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg/573px-Prokaryote_cell_diagram_pt.svg.png

7. Some comparison… Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus Nucleus Ribosomes No compartments Compartments Cell Membranes Relatively simple Relatively complex Genetic Material

8. Now for some organelles… • An organelle(“little organ”) is a cell “part.” • The cell’s “apps.” • “There’s an organelle for that!” • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/ • Scale of the Universe • It’s not considered alive, but it is made of organic molecules. • BioScale!

9. Wait just a second… • I bet you’re sitting there thinking I’m going to go on and on talking about organelles for another 45 minutes. • Negative. • Today, YOU (yes you) will be making your own notes. I’ll only be here as backup.

10. What You Need To Find • I will give you the organelle. You will find: • Whether it is in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, or both. • Whether it is in animal cells, plant cells, or both. • Basic organelle function.

11. Presentations • Following your research your pair will “present” your facts. • The class will write down what you found in a table. • See next slide…

12. What to Record • Use the following website, at least to start (yours may not be there): • http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html • This is a <10 Minute Research Project.

13. 12 Organelles • Nucleus • Ribosome • Cell Wall • Cell Membrane • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Lysosome • Golgi Apparatus • Mitochondria • Chloroplast • Central Vacuole • Vesicles • Centriole

14. Nucleus • The “control center” of the cell. • Has its own double-membrane called the “nuclear envelope,” which has lots of pores. • Contains DNA. • Has a nucleolus (area in nucleus). • Makes ribosomes. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Nucleus/cellnucleus.jpg

15. Coloring Sheet

16.  It’s small… Ribosomes(because we all need our proteins) • Very small organelles that make proteins for the cell or for export. • All cells need proteins, so… • …ribosomes are found in every living thing. • …ribosomes are “evolutionarily old.” • Haven’t changed much and are shared by many distantly related organisms. http://library.thinkquest.org/04apr/00217/images/content/ribosome.jpg

17. Coloring Sheet

18. Now for the unique structures… • Cell Wall • Rigid, relatively strong, made of cellulose. • Helps support plants. • Note that there is still a cell membrane, just that it has the cell wall surrounding it. http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/cellwall.jpeg

19. Coloring Sheet

20. Cell Membrane • Found in all cells. • Surrounds the cell. • Allows for membrane transport (diffusion, osmosis, et cetera) and serves as a barrier.

21. Coloring Sheet

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Usually found near the nucleus. • Rough ER: Lined with ribosomes (which make protein). • Rough ER is a stack of discs. • Proteins are made and transported for export to other cells. • Makes cell membrane. • Smooth ER: No ribosomes. Drug detox. Makes lipids. Has calcium. • Smooth ER is a tube shape. • Lipids are kept local. • Both are capable of some transport. http://images.teamsugar.com/files/upl1/1/13839/15_2008/MV5BMjA0NjI0ODgzNF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMDAxNDUyMQ@@._V1._SY400_SX600_.jpg https://illnessesanimalsplants.wikispaces.com/file/view/smooth_&_rough_ER.jpg/31839797

23. Coloring Sheet

24. Lysosome • Very simply put, it’s a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. • Fun fact: Enzymes are made by the ER and sent to another organelle (the Golgi – more to come). • May be used to break down worn out organelles or other cell parts (autophagy). • Think of it as the cell’s “garbage disposal.” • Plant cells have them, but they’re not as common as in animal cells.

25. Lysosome http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/lysosome.jpg http://www.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/Courses09/Biology/lessons/FirstQuarterLessons/Chapter1/images/Lesson2/25lysosome.png

26. Coloring Sheet

27. Aside: Lysosomal Diseases • Tay-Sachs Disease and Gaucher’s Disease • Failure to break down fatty acid derivatives. • Tay-Sachs is common in Ashkenazic Jews.

28. Aside: Apoptosis • When cells need to be replaced, they undergo something referred to as “programmed cell death,” or apoptosis. • Literally, they digest themselves to death. • The lysosome plays a role in this process too, by releasing enzymes into the cytoplasm. • It’s like if your stomach opened and ate you.

29. Aside: Peroxisome? • In many cells is another organelle called the peroxisome, which is similar in some ways to a lysosome. • They’re made by the ER and perform many different functions relating to metabolism – mostly breaking down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide. • Peroxisomes are sometimes referred to as microbodies.

30. Aside: Peroxisomal Diseases • X-linked Adrenoleukodistrophy • Fatty acids can’t get metabolized, resulting ultimately in nerve damage. • See Lorenzo’s Oil. • Zellweger Syndrome • Proteins cannot be imported into the peroxisome.

31. Golgi Apparatus • The Golgi Apparatus (or Golgi Body) is what the cell uses to: • Modify already existing proteins. • Package proteins in vesicles for exocytosis or to digest other parts of the cell (this part’s on the next slide). • Remember how the lysosome is a vesicle? Yeah, the Golgi makes that too (the ER makes the enzymes). • It’s a blobby stack of membranes. • Like the Postal Service of the cell.

32. http://employees.csbsju.edu/HJAKUBOWSKI/classes/ch331/cho/ergolgi.jpeghttp://employees.csbsju.edu/HJAKUBOWSKI/classes/ch331/cho/ergolgi.jpeg

33. Coloring Sheet

34. Quick Analogy • Let’s say you want to make someone a present and mail it to them. • First you would make the gift (like a ribosome makes protein)… • …then you would move it in your house toward the door (like rough ER moves protein)… • …then you would ship it to your friend (like the Golgi ships particles).

35. So all this stuff andno energy yet, huh? • So far, nothing we have described actually provides the cell with any energy. • Plenty of things we’ve talked about use lots of energy, though. • Where’s it all coming from?

36. Mitochondria • Often called the powerhouse of the cell. • Uses organic molecules to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), helps in respiration (basically, they make energy). • ATP is one nucleotide with some bonds attached that release a lot of energy when broken and reformed. • ATP = CELL FUEL! • More coming on this next unit… • Mitochondria have two membranes that form two compartments, and they also have their own DNA (from Mom). • Grammar Note: • One mitochondrion, two mitochondria…

37. Its own DNA with no nucleus? • Does this sound familiar? • Scientists think mitochondria once lived on their own. • Need more evidence? • Mitochondria also have their own ribosomes. • Interestingly, there are about 1000 mitochondria per cell (average). http://schools-wikipedia.org/images/750/75080.png

38. Coloring Sheet

39. Aside: Muscle Cells • Muscle cells act in cooperation with others. • As a result, their organelles have different names: • Sarcolemma = Plasma Membrane • Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = Endoplasmic Reticulum • Sarcosomes = Mitochondria • Sarcoplasm = Cytoplasm

40. Chloroplast • Only for plant cells. • Source of the green color. • Site of photosynthesis. • Similar to mitochondria: • Have two membranes. • Have their own DNA. • Have their own ribosomes. • Prokaryote descendents? http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg

41. Coloring Sheet

42. Central Vacuole • Plants only have large, central vacuoles. • Animals have smaller ones. • Prokaryotes rarely have them. • Storage for water and other stuff (plants/animals). • Takes up most of the cell (plants only). • Supports the cell when full, too (plants only). Entire Cell Vacuole  http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/eukaryotic%20cell/cytoplasm_and_its_associated_str_files/image017.jpg

43. Coloring Sheet

44. Vesicles • Not technically organelles, they are membrane-bound “packages” of the cell, usually from the Golgi or cell membrane. • A sac that contains a substance. • Pinch off organelles and move through the cytoplasm to a destination. • What might be a destination? Nerve cell vesicles releasing contents  http://www.cnsforum.com/content/pictures/imagebank/hirespng/vesicle_fusion.png

45. Vesicles • Vesicles are small “bubbles” of cell membrane. • They’re made of cell membrane. • They’re used to carry stuff around the cell, out of the cell, or into the cell. • They’re found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. • Think of them like little envelopes for shipping stuff.

46. Centrioles • Short rod-shaped structures. • Guide cell division. • Whole unit on this stuff. • Animal cells only. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/centrioles/images/centriolesfigure1.jpg

47. Starting here… A Little Review http://www.bchs.k12.va.us/BCHS-Webpage/HSWEBPAGE/SchoolSite/assets/plantcell.gif

48. A Little More Review • http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/health/anatomy/cell/index.htm • Let’s try some cell anatomy with a little more detail…

49. Your Assignment… • …is to make a mini-poster on standard printer-paper, but make it look pretty. • On this poster you will have the following: • Organelle (of your choosing but not the one you researched in class) • Diagram of the cell with the organelle highlighted • A list of the functions of the organelle and any important details***.

50. ***Fine Print • Your poster must have one fact we did not cover in class on it. It must be cited and paraphrased. • Bibliography! • You may not use Wikipedia or any other site with user-generated content. • Worth 20 points. • Full details on SharePoint (Supporting Documents) • File is called “Mini-Poster – Organelles”