1 / 23

Nationalism comes to Germany

Nationalism comes to Germany. Unification of Germany. “Germany” pre Bismarck. Review. STALEMATE: Increased tension – Austria / Prussia Nationalism – post Napoleon Loyalty to national identity increases Industrially German states begin to surpass other Continental states

mira-burke
Download Presentation

Nationalism comes to Germany

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Nationalism comes to Germany Unification of Germany

  2. “Germany” pre Bismarck Review • STALEMATE: • Increased tension – Austria / Prussia • Nationalism – post Napoleon • Loyalty to national identity increases • Industrially German states begin to surpass other Continental states • Economic unity comes first • Zollverein, 1834 (German customs union) • Economic agreements among states • By 1853 ALL States but Austria & Bohemia belong

  3. Prussia pre Bismarck Review • Defeated by Napoleon – rises again • Rhineland gained 1815 • 1848 King Frederick Wilhelm IV declines emperorship of the “Germanies” • Frankfurt Assembly fails to unite • BUT in Prussia – constitution and bicameral legislature formed • Reichstag = Lower house of parliament elected by universal male suffrage beginning 1848 BUT has very little real input • By 1859 middle-class dominates the Reichstag BUT there is no ministerial responsibility • King Wilhelm I, 1861-1888 • Wants army reforms – double and discipline, but…needs money - Opposed by Reichstag in 1862 • Calls Otto von Bismarck as new Chief Minister 1862-1866 • Goal – defy Parliament!

  4. Otto Von Bismarck King William I of Prussia

  5. Otto von Bismarck: Hero/Villain?? • Bismarck, 1810 – 1898 (minister 1862-6) • Junker of Old Brandenburg - conservative • Motto: “One must always have two irons in the fire.” • Goal of Unity • Initially: unify along northern (Protestant) lines with Prussia at the head • “Great questions…decided by blood & iron.” • Reorganize finances to fund army - $ from other departments – defies Reichstag and raises taxes anyway • Liberals in parliament oppose but DON’T ACT • NEVERTHELESS more liberals elected to parliament

  6. Bismarck’s Realpolitik • “politics of reality” - Practice pragmatic politics (think Machiavelli) • Make any alliance that appears useful at the time • Disregard ethics and scruples • Use any practical means to achieve the end goal • Disregard ideology and belief in “natural” enemies/allies – an ally is an ally • Bismarck wages aggressive foreign policy • Take attention away from problems at home • Germany – not a big player in imperialism, so focus on weakening other Continental powers

  7. Danish War - 1863 • Schleswig-Holstein (occupied by Germans BUT coveted by Denmark) • Denmark attempts incorporation of peninsula • Austria encouraged to join Prussia in war against Denmark • Denmark defeated: • Austria given authority over Holstein • Prussia given authority over Schleswig • Next Step: get Austria out of German affairs --- How???? • Goad them into war by exacerbating tension on the peninsula => War with Austria

  8. Austro-Prussian War 1866aka: German Civil War / 7 Weeks War • Bismarck’s “problem” • Wants to get rid of Austria but doesn’t want to upset other nations • Russia remains neutral b/c PR helped them out with the Poles in 1863 • France “promised” territory in Rhineland for neutrality • Italy aides PR for Venetia • 7 short weeks: Battle of Sadowa • Prussia had better transport (railroad) • Prussia had better weapons (breech-loading needle gun) • Prussia had better leaders • Consequences • Austria is out of German affairs! • Venetia ceded to Italy

  9. German Unification • North German Confederation est’d. 1867 • Prussia + 21 states • Austria & S. German Catholic states remain independent • King Wilhelm I = President • Bismarck = Chancellor • Bismarck responsible to President only • Centralized government – but not working with President and Chancellor • Bundesrat (Senate – high ranking civil servants appointed by state governments) • Reichstag (House – elected via universal male suffrage) • Local issues handled by local leaders Decide military and foreign policy

  10. Final Steps to Unified Germany • Franco-Prussian Tension • Conflict begins in Spain • Revolution – Queen Isabella II overthrown • Wilhelm’s cousin invited to be king • Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen • France protests – upset of balance of power • Fr. Ambassador at Ems – asks Wilhelm to prevent it – he caves to pressure • Fr. demands formal apology, Wilhelm refuses – sends “Ems dispatch” to Bismarck…

  11. Bismarck starts a war • Bismarck manipulates story • Publishes “abridged” Ems Dispatch • Did Wilhelm insult the French Ambassador and thereby the French???? (see Primary Source) • Why? • War might force small German states to join N. Confederation • Napoleon III • war might make him look better • French worried of threats of united Italy / now Germany uniting

  12. Franco-Prussian War • France declares war – July 15,1870 • Short conflict • 2 September 1870 Battle of Sedan • Entire French army and Napoleon III captured!! • No help from other countries • England – vs. b/c moved on Mexico • Italians – see chance to seize Rome • Russia – see chance to put ships in Black Sea

  13. Es lebe Deutschland! • Results: • January 18, 1871 Versailles – Hall of Mirrors • Wilhelm I = Kaiser (Emperor) of German Empire! • Southern German states join N. German Confederation • Paris under siege 4 months • Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany • France forced to pay 5 billion francs • Northern France occupied until 1873 when the money was paid off

  14. The Decline of the 2nd French Empire and the Rise of the 3rd Republic

  15. Two Faces of the 2nd French Empire • Controlled the legislature • Censored the press • Discouraged political opposition • Drew support from army, land owners, French Catholic Church, peasants, & entrepreneurs • Free-trade agreement w/ GB • Allowed open debate in legislature • Lessened censorship • Allowed labor unions • Allowed moderates to for a ministry • Agreed to ministerial responsibility Conservative Measures, prior to 1860 Liberal Measures, after 1860 WHY did Napoleon III agree to these changes??

  16. Paris Commune, 1871 • Nap III abdicates and dies 1873 in England • Monarchists est. Nat. Assembly under Adolph Thiers – Treaty of Frankfurt signed May 23, 1871 • Parisians elect Paris Commune March 1871 – to govern Paris separately from France • May 21 – violence erupts, 20,000 Communards killed by Nat. Guard Contemporary Marxists saw this as true class conflict – was this the case??

  17. 3rd French Republic • How is it that France did not remain a monarchy after the Paris Commune was put down? • What political changes did MacMahon usher in as President and why did he resign?

  18. 3rd French Republic (1875-1940) • A new Republic • President serves 7 year term • Senate (indirectly elected) & Chamber of Deputies (universal male suffrage) • moderate Republican Leaders: Gambetta and Ferry – (to 1882) • Reform --- labor unions / colonial empire • Mounting anti-Catholicism • Created state-sponsored schools – secular republican – replacing Catholic schools (by 1904 closed all 17,000) • 3 Crises • Gen. Boulanger (1887-9) failed coup vs. republic – flees before coup takes place • Panama Canal (1892) promoters bribe gov’t – scandal! • Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906)

  19. Crisis in French 3rd Republic • Dreyfus Affair: Alfred Dreyfus, Jewish capt. in army - accused of spying for Germany • From Alsace – family left when Prussia took the territory • Convicted of treason and sent to Devil’s Island Prison • The French public questioned his conviction • Why? Evidence gathered shows innocent - points to Major Esterhazy --- but army won’t reopen the case • Family asks help of Emile Zola’s - open letter - J’accuse • Dreyfus in prison until 1898 • Country split!!! Church / Army vs. Jews / Radicals • called back to France for retrial – 1899 pardoned • 1906 exonerated • Results • Republicans / Socialists – block anti-republicans • Promote Anti-clericalism (because were vs. Dreyfus) • Republic survives --- up to 1914

More Related