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Ala Flavour enhancer Arg Treatment of liver disease

Commercial applications of amino acids. Ala Flavour enhancer Arg Treatment of liver disease Asp Flavour enhancer, sweetener synthesis Cys Bread production; anti-oxidant, Glu Flavour enhancer Gln Treatment of ulcers Gly Sweetener synthesis

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Ala Flavour enhancer Arg Treatment of liver disease

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  1. Commercial applications of amino acids Ala Flavour enhancer Arg Treatment of liver disease Asp Flavour enhancer, sweetener synthesis Cys Bread production; anti-oxidant, Glu Flavour enhancer Gln Treatment of ulcers Gly Sweetener synthesis His Treatment of ulcers; antioxidant Ile Infusions Lys Feed additive Met Feed additive Phe Sweetener synthesis Pro Infusions Ser Cosmetics Thr Feed additive Trp Infusions; antioxidant Tyr Infusions; precursor for L-DOPA Val Infusions

  2. In industry, amino acids can be made by chemical synthesis, or they can be obtained from overproducing bacteria. Corynebacterium glutamicum naturally overproduces glutamate. Biological production methods are easier, cleaner and only give L amino acids.

  3. Fermentation tanks used for microbiological production of glutamate and lysine, Hofu, Japan Tanks are 100ft high and contain 63,420 gallons

  4. Inhibitors of essential AA biosynthesis can be used as herbicides The weedkiller Roundup contains glyphosate. Glyphosate kills plants by inhibiting aromatic AA biosynthesis. GM crops have an engineered glyphosate-resistant biosynthetic enzyme EPSPS.

  5. Secondary metabolism - produces many valuable bioactive compounds including antibiotics, anticancer drugs, immunosuppressants, cholesterol-lowering agents etc.

  6. Metabolism - Hundreds of reactions - Only a few different types of reactions Most are simple chemical transformations that are catalysed by enzymes.

  7. Important types of biochemical reactions. 1. Reactions that make or break carbon-carbon bonds. 2. Oxidations and reductions 3. Eliminations, isomerisations and rearrangements 4. Group transfer reactions

  8. 1. Reactions that make or break C-C bonds often involve attack of a stabilised carbanion on an electron-deficient carbon atom.

  9. Carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) O is more electronegative than C O withdraws electrons from the C-O double bond The C atom has a +ve character. This makes carbonyl groups reactive.

  10. Carbon-hydrogen bonds can be broken to give a carbanion and a proton. The two bonding electrons remain on the carbon atom. Normally, carbanions do not form unless there is some means of stabilising them.

  11. Carbonyl groups can stabilise carbanions that form on adjacent C atoms. Enolate anion The negative charge is delocalised over 3 atoms.

  12. In an aldol condensation, a stabilised carbanion adds to another carbonyl group to form a C-C bond. The reverse reaction (aldol cleavage) can also occur e.g during glycolysis fructose 1, 6 diphosphate is cleaved to give two trioses, DHAP and GAP

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