1 / 54

GENERIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTHCARE WASTE

GENERIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTHCARE WASTE. Jorge Emmanuel International Experts’ Workshop UNEP-DTIE-IETC July 19-20, 2012 Osaka, Japan. Types of Treatment Technologies (by disinfection process). Thermal Temperature Chemical Concentration Irradiative Radiation dose

mindy
Download Presentation

GENERIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTHCARE WASTE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. GENERIC TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR HEALTHCARE WASTE Jorge Emmanuel International Experts’ Workshop UNEP-DTIE-IETC July 19-20, 2012 Osaka, Japan

  2. Types of Treatment Technologies (by disinfection process) • Thermal • Temperature • Chemical • Concentration • Irradiative • Radiation dose • Biological

  3. Microbial Inactivation • STAATT criteria for healthcare waste • Minimum requirement: Level III • Reduction of vegetative bacteria, fungi, lipophilic/hydrophilic viruses, parasites, mycobacteria by 6 Log or greater • Reduction of heat resistant spores by 4 Log or greater • Microbiological indicators • Geobacillus stearothermophilus or Bacillus atrophaeus spores • Mycobacterium phlei or Mycobacterium bovis

  4. Generic Technologies • Information in the Compendium for each Generic Technology • Process Description • Diagram or sketch • Types of Waste Treated • Range of Capacities • Pathogen Destruction • Emissions and By-Products • Operational Details • Installation Requirements • Maintenance Requirements

  5. Generic Technologies • Thermal • Autoclaves • Hybrid autoclaves • Continuous steam treatment systems • Batch microwave • Continuous microwave • Frictional heating • Dry heat • Incineration and related technologies

  6. Generic Technologies • Autoclaves based on design • Jacketed • Retort • Vacuum • Non-vacuum

  7. Generic Technologies • Autoclaves • Range of capacities: • 20 liters to over 20,000 liters per cycle (1 to 2700 kg/hr) • Parameters: • 121 to 135 ºC • 104 to 212 kPa gauge • Exposure time • Number of cycles • Depth of vacuum • Low maintenance (except for door gasket) • Lowest cost

  8. Generic Technologies • Autoclaves (based on operation) • Pressure pulse • Pressure gravity (steam flush) • Vacuum pulsing • Pressure vacuum • Pre-vacuum autoclaves • Gravity displacement

  9. Generic Technologies • Autoclave without shredding • Autoclave with shredding

  10. Generic Technologies • Hybrid Autoclaves • Incorporate internal shredding, fragmentation, and mixing into the autoclave • Common types: • Rotating autoclaves • Autoclaves with internal shredders • Autoclaves with internal mixing arms

  11. Generic Technologies • Hybrid Autoclaves • Better steam penetration, shorter exposure time • Higher maintenance requirements than autoclaves • Higher costs than autoclaves • Range of capacities: • 38 liters to 21,800 liters (18 to 21,800 kg/hr) • Types of waste treated: • Same as autoclave but also including anatomical waste

  12. Generic Technologies • Continuous Steam Treatment Systems

  13. Generic Technologies • Continuous Steam Treatment Systems • Range of capacities: • 100 to over 1000 kg/hr • Types of waste treated: • Same as autoclave but also including anatomical waste • Higher maintenance requirements than autoclaves and hybrid autoclaves • Higher costs than autoclaves and hybrid autoclave

  14. Generic Technologies • Microwave Technology • Magnetrons used to generate microwave energy at 2450 MHz frequency • Two types • Batch • Continuous • Two types based on design • Low pressure, low temperature (95 -100 ºC) • High pressure, high temperature (121, 135 ºC)

  15. Generic Technologies controls • Batch Microwave Unit • Range of capacities: • 30 to 210 kg/hr • Types of waste treated: • Same as batch autoclaves but some systems cannot handle sealed glass bottles with liquids and sharp metals not in containers • Low maintenance • Higher cost than batch autoclaves microwavegenerator wastebin

  16. Generic Technologies lid air treatment system used when the lid is opened automatic loader hopper • Continuous Microwave Unit microwave generators holding tank microwave section shredder waste bin outlet auger

  17. Generic Technologies • Continuous Microwave Unit • Range of capacities: • 100 to 250 kg/hr • Types of waste treated: • Same as hybrid autoclaves and continuous steam treatment system • Higher maintenance compared to batch autoclaves and batch microwaves; similar to continuous steam treatment • Higher cost than batch autoclaves and batch microwaves

  18. Generic Technologies • Frictional Heating Systems • “New kid on the block” • Uses both saturated steam and dry superheated steam • Heat to generate steam comes from heaters and from frictional heat due to high speed rotors operating at 1000 to 2000 rpm (about 15-30 rps) • Result is a dry powder

  19. Generic Technologies • Frictional Heating Systems • Range of capacities: • 10 to 500 kg/hr • Types of waste treated: • Same as hybrid autoclaves and continuous steam or microwave treatment systems • Typical cycle 100 T ºC time

  20. Generic Technologies • Frictional Heating Systems Vapor exhaust to air filters Lid Electrical panel Sterilization chamber with high speed rotor blades Discharge bin

  21. Generic Technologies • Dry Heat Systems • Mainly natural or forced convection (hot air) and conduction from electrical resistance heaters • Range of capacities: • 0.2 to 10 kg/hr • Types of waste treated: • Same as autoclaves • Intended for small facilities

  22. Generic Technologies • Incineration • Range of capacities: • 10 kg/hr to over 20 tonnes per day • Types of waste treated: • In addition to infectious waste, properly designed incinerators can handle pathological, laboratory chemical and pharmaceutical wastes • Historically common types of incinerators: • Dual-chamber incinerators • Multiple-chamber incinerators • Rotary kilns

  23. Generic Technologies • Dual-chamber incinerator To Stack Air Pollution Control System Secondary Combustion Chamber Secondary Burner Ram Feed Primary Combustion Chamber Primary Burners Ash Sump

  24. Generic Technologies • Multi-chamber excess air incinerator

  25. Generic Technologies • Rotary kiln Stack Packed Tower-Demister Secondary Combustion Chamber Baghouse Fabric Filter Dry Chemical Ram or Auger Feeder Gas Scrubber Hopper ID Fan Venturi Quench Rotary Kiln Ash Sump

  26. Generic Technologies • Other types of incinerators • Fluidized bed incinerators (generally not used with medical waste) • Stepped hearth incinerators • Moving grate or reciprocating grate (stoker) incinerators • Vertical combustors

  27. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Incinerator Design • An incinerator should consist of: • Furnace or kiln (primary combustion chamber) • Afterburner chamber (secondary chamber) • Flue gas cleaning system • Wastewater treatment if wet flue gas cleaning is used

  28. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • BAT air emissions performance level: • 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 at 11% oxygen • BAT wastewater performance level for effluents from treatment of gas treatment scrubbers: • 0.1 ng I-TEQ/liter To be achieved by a suitable combination of primary and secondary measures

  29. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Primary measures • Introduction of waste at 850ºC or higher; automation to avoid introducing waste below 850ºC • Avoidance of temperatures below 850ºC and no cold regions • Auxiliary burners • Avoidance of starts and stops • Control of oxygen input

  30. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Primary measures • Minimum residence time of 2 seconds at 1100ºC in the secondary chamber after last addition of air and 6% O2 by volume (for waste with >1% halogenated substances) • High turbulence of exhaust gases and reduction of excess air • On-line monitoring for combustion control and regulation from a central console. • Temperature, oxygen, carbon monoxide, dust

  31. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Secondary measures • Dedusting • Fabric filter operating below 260ºC • Ceramic filter used between 800 to 1000ºC • Cyclones for pre-cleaning • Electrostatic precipitators around 450ºC • High performance adsorption units with activated carbon

  32. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Secondary measures • Techniques for further emission reduction • Catalytic oxidation • Gas quenching • Catalyst-coated fabric filters • Different types of wet or dry adsorption systems using mixtures of activated charcoal, coke, lime and limestone solutions

  33. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Disposal of Residues (bottom and fly ash) • Ash should be handled, transported (using covered hauling) and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner • Catalytic treatment or vitrification of fabric filter dusts • Disposal in safe dedicated landfills (e.g., landfilling in double-walled containers, solidification, or thermal post-treatment)

  34. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • Monitoring • Routine monitoring of: CO, oxygen, particulate matter, HCl, SO2, NO2, HF, air flows, temperatures, pressure drops, and pH • Periodic or semi-continuous measurement of: polychlorinated dioxins and furans

  35. BAT Requirements Under the Stockholm Convention • General measures • Operation by trained, qualified personnel • Use of personal protection equipment • Periodic maintenance including cleaning of the combustion chamber and declogging of air flows and fuel burners • Auditing and reporting systems • Routine inspections of the furnace and air pollution control systems by the regulatory authorities

  36. Examples of Other Environmental Requirements All reference conditions: 273°K, 101.3kPa, 11% O2, dry; Small ≤ 200 lbs/hr, medium > 200 to 500 lbs/hr, and large > 500 lbs/hr. For half hour averages, at least 97% of concentrations must meet the first value and 100% must meet the second value.

  37. Resources • Guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices, to be posted on the Stockholm Convention website http://www.pops.int/ • Reference document on the best available techniques for waste incineration: BAT reference document (BREF), European Commission, 2008; available in the European IPCC Bureau website eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm • “Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emissions Guidelines for Existing Sources: Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators – Final rule amendments,” 40 CFR Part 60, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2011

  38. Generic Technologies • Chemical • Alkaline hydrolysis • Chemical disinfection • Others

  39. Generic Technologies • Alkaline hydrolysis • Specifically designed for pathological waste (anatomical waste, organs, tissues, cadavers, contaminated animal carcasses) • Alkali + heat • Two types: • High pressure • Low pressure • Range of capacities: • 15 to 4500 kg per cycle

  40. Generic Technologies • Chemical disinfectant treatment • Examples of disinfectants used: • Sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, lime slurry, quarternary ammonium salts, glutraldehyde • Range of capacities: • 40 kg/hr to 700 kg/hr

  41. Generic Technologies • Biological Treatment for organic wastes (this has been used for placenta and small tissues) • Composting • Vermiculture • Biodigestion

  42. Generic Technologies • Others (emerging technologies) • Ozonation • Dry chemical (calcium oxide-based) • Promession for anatomical waste

  43. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Environmental and Occupational Safety X – minimal concerns, XX - some concerns, XXX - significant concerns

  44. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Social/Cultural Aspects √ - small potential, √√ - medium potential; X – minimal concerns, XX - some concerns, XXX - significant concerns

  45. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Institutional/Regulatory Requirements X – few basic requirements, X X - some requirements, X X X - many requirements; (1) maintenance and repair of moving parts; (2) maintenance and repair of parts exposed to high temperatures and thermal stresses (e.g., refractories), corrosive gases, fly ash and dust, as well as maintenance and repair of moving parts especially in the flue gas cleaning system

  46. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Capital Costs • Autoclaves • Autoclaves with Shredders

  47. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Capital Costs • Hybrid Autoclaves

  48. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Capital Costs • Batch Microwave Units • Continuous Microwave Systems

  49. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Capital Costs • Incinerators with Air Pollution Control

  50. Generic Technologies: Comparison of Capital Costs • Low-Pressure Alkaline Digesters • High-Pressure Alkaline Digesters

More Related