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Wheat ( Triticum aestivum )

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). Oat ( Avena sativa ). Triticale ( X Triticosecale ). Barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). A.barbata AB. A.strigosa A s. A.abyssinica AB. sativa ACD. A.vavilovonia AB. North America Oat Acreage. Texas Oat Acreage. Oats for Forage Production. Ice Nucleation

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Wheat ( Triticum aestivum )

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  1. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Oat (Avena sativa) Triticale (X Triticosecale) Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

  2. A.barbata AB A.strigosa As A.abyssinica AB • sativa • ACD A.vavilovonia AB

  3. North America Oat Acreage

  4. Texas Oat Acreage

  5. Oats for Forage Production

  6. Ice Nucleation • Water supercooling (-3 to -5 0C); Pure water (-12 to -20 0C) • Cloud seeding (silver iodide) for rain • 1970 – leaf derived nuclei • 1974 – Pseudomonas syringae cells serve as nuclei (Maki et al., 1974, Appl. Microbiol. 28:456) • 1976 – Frost damage in corn increased after application of P. syringae (Arny et al., Nature, 262:282) • 1982-1986 – P. syringae and certain other epiphytic bacterial species (INA or Ice Nucleation-Active) serve as incitants to frost damage in beans, corn, cotton, and soybeans • Ecology of leaf epiphytic bacteria • P. syringae Ice+ and Ice- strains

  7. Freeze Damage and Genotype in Oat • Isolated epiphytic P. syringae isolate 85D133 (ice nucleation active at -4 0C) from leaves of 'Florida 501' • Field experiments in Dallas, TX using 'Florida 501', 'Coronado', and 'H833'; treatments: (1) control, (2) sterile water, (3) streptomycin, (4) copper hydroxide, (5) P. syringae isolate 85D133. Applications made every 2-3 wks from mid-Nov to end of April. Assessed for freeze damage, took forage and grain yield • Used leaves from plots to run freezing tests and determine frequency of INA bacteria; Also ran controlled tests on the 3 oat cultivars under controlled conditions with same treatments as field to determine freeze damage at -40C from 2 to 48 hours of exposure • Marshall, D. 1988. A relationship between ice nucleation-active bacteria, freeze damage, and genotype in oats. Phytopathology 78:952-957.

  8. Screening Oat Germplasm for Resistance to INA bacteria • Seedling leaves inoculated with P. syringae isolate 85D133; 48 hr at -120C • Screened about 400 lines having diverse backgrounds • Identified about 15 that had freeze resistance

  9. Breeding and Development of 'Dallas' Oat • Crossed Coker 84-27 by H422 • Crossed F1 of Coker 84-27/H422 by H833 • From F2 through F4 used single seed descent coupled with screening for freezing with 85D133 at -120C for 48 hr • F5 plants grown in field in Dallas and selected for good agronomic type • In 1990 F6 yield tested 123 selections from the • Coker 84-27/H422//H833 cross

  10. Breeding and Development of 'Dallas' Oat • One selection TX89D7213 tested throughout Texas from 1992-1994 and had grain yield average of 103.2 bu/a compared to other winterhardy types such as 'Blizzard' (88.4 bu/a); 'Coker 716' (76.4 bu/a); 'Okay' (85.1 bu/a); 'Ozark' (90.4 bu/a); 'Nora' (92.2 bu/a); 'H833' (92.3 bu/a) • TX89D7213 tested throughout the south and southeastern U.S. in the USDA/ARS Uniform Winter Oat Yield Trial in 1993 and 1994. Outyielded all check varieties ('Brooks', 'Coker 227', 'Coker 716', and 'Florida 501') by an average of 9-12 bu/a. Good grain weight, medium height, strong straw and disease resistance.

  11. TX89D7213 was head rowed and 89 single rows were bulked to form the Breeder Seed of 'Dallas". Released in 1998 as a variety. (PI 596691); (PVP9700244) • Grown on about 70,000 acres in TX and OK in 2002

  12. Oat Nursery in Dallas, TX January 15, 2003

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