The U.S. Civil War

1. The U.S. Civil War Chapter 11

2. Succession Feb.1861 After Apr. 1861Through 1865

3. U.S. v. Confederaacy • Goals of each side • The goal of the South: defend its independence • The goal of the North: restore the union by force • Ideology • The North saw the Declaration of independence as the supreme document of the land • The South saw the Constitution as the supreme document of the land. • Why? – The Constitution backed and protected slavery. The DOI said “All men are created equal”, which contradicted slavery.

4. Fort Sumter • On April 12, 1861 the South Carolina militia opened fire on Fort Sumter, which was a federal fort still occupied by U.S. troops. • The Fort fell in 34 hours • No casualties • The South’s firing upon and taking Ft. Sumter made war between the North and the South inevitable.

5. Ft. Sumter Response • After Ft. Sumter Both Lincoln and Davis called for volunteers • Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to put down this rebellion. • Davis calls for 100,000 to defend the South • As a result Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy. • Nationalism was stirred up in both the north and the south.

7. Strategy • The North’s three pronged strategy • Blockade Confederate ports to ruin its economy • Invade the South and split It into thirds • Capture Confederate Capital @Richmond

8. The South’s strategy • Hold out against Northern attacks • Fight a defensive war and defend its right be a separate country.

9. North v. South North’s advantages • The North had an extreme advantage in resources. • More population, manufacturing plants, merchant ships, miles of railroad tracks, banks, minerals grains crops and meat. • (*See chart on p. 339). South’ s advantages • The South’s biggest advantage was its leadership of officers in the army. Most of these officers attended West Point, were top officers in the U.S. Army, but resigned to fight for the Confederacy

10. Economic Resources

11. Important Confederate leaders • Jefferson Davis • R.E. Lee • Thomas Stonewall Jackson • A.P. Hill • James Longstreet • Jeb Stuart

12. Important Union leaders • Abraham Lincoln • U.S. Grant • George Meade • George McClellan • Joshua Chamberlain

13. Early Victories by the Confederacy • Early Victories (61, 62, and 63) by the Confederate forces at Bull Run, Seven Day’s battle, Chansellorsville, Fredericksburg caused Lincoln to change the leadership of union army many times. • These early victories also gave momentum to the Confederate cause, which crushed the idea of the North that this would be a quick and easy war. • Although it had quite a few early victories, the CSA insisted on fighting a defensive war and would not invade the Union. • Stonewall Jackson said after Bull Run “Give me 10,000 fresh troops and I will be in Washington tomorrow”. • Had they invade they could have changed the course of the war.

14. Significant victories by the Union • Most of the Union Victories came in the West and when The Confederacy finally invaded the North. • Important victories by Union forces- Antietam, Gettysburg (East) – Shiloh, Vicksburg, Chattanooga, Ft. Henry and Ft. Donellson

15. Slavery Politics • Britain was an important player in the Civil War • The South hoped to convince Britain to support its cause • Why? The American South was Britain’s number 1 cotton supplier. • To limit the growing power of the U.S. • The Trent Affair

16. More slavery politics • Emancipation Proclamation • On September 22, 1862 Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation, which ordered slaves of the Confederacy to be freed. • Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln’s Position: He had not intended to interfere with slavery in the South. He did not want it to extent into the territories. • Lincoln was under a lot of pressure. As the number of dead increased Northerners pushed to destroy slavery. • The Proclamation Renews Spirit: After the Emancipation Proclamation the war became a moral war and revitalized the North. • African Americans volunteered for the army • did not apply in border states or already states conquered.

17. Civil War Technology

19. Gettysburg • The battle was a turning point in the war. • During this battle 23,000 union soldiers died while 28,000 Confederate soldiers died. • After 3 days of fighting Union forces prevailed. • The loss of life for an under populated South proved to be more than it could overcome • Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln. (see appendix)

20. Vicksburg • Grant captures Vicksburg by surrounding and choking off the city. • By defeating Confederate forces at Vicksburg he gave the North a very strategic victory. • The North could now control traffic along the Mississippi River and could split the south into thirds.

21. Images from Vicksburg

22. Ending the War • March 1864 Lincoln put Grant in command of all of the Union forces. • Grant determined to win the war he would have to engage in “total war” – war against civilians and resources as well as armies.

23. Grant moves to the East • Grant and Lee fought continuously from May to June 1864. • At the Battle of the Wilderness Lee defeated Grant but Grant continued to follow and attack Lee.

24. In less than a month, Union forces had lost more men than were in Lee’s entire army. Grant knew he could replace them. • Lee retreated to VA and Grant surrounded Richmond (their capital). • Lee tried to divert the Union forces by directing Gen. Early to move on Washington D.C. • Grant sent the cavalry who drove them from the area.

25. Sherman’s March • May 1864 Ger. Sherman and 100,000 troops in Chattanooga were ordered to engage and destroy the Confederate army. • Confederates retreated toward Atlanta which Sherman captured and occupied for 3 months. • When he left he destroyed the city – blamed Southerners for not ending war • His troops headed south living off the land and destroying everything else. • December 20, 1864 he entered Savannah. He continued, heading north into the Carolinas.

26. The election of 1864 • Lincoln wins the election of 1864 “With Malice toward None”: • In Lincolns second Inaugural Address he stated he hoped to have peace without bitterness. • He ordered his generals to give the Southern army’s the most liberal of surrender terms.

27. Appomattox • The Final Days: March 1865 Lee informs Davis he could no longer hold Richmond. • The government fled south and Lee’s army evacuated the city.

28. Appomattox • Lee Surrenders: Grant intercepts Lee’s troops trying to unite with troops. Grant pressed Lee to surrender to prevent further deaths. • They met at Appomattox Court House – Grant offered generous terms. • Union soldiers treated Confederate soldiers with respect.

29. Lee Surrenders to Grant

30. Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln is Assassinated: April 14 1865 Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. • The results were devastating for both sides, Lincoln was the best man to reunify the country.

34. Day 1 • “I have poured my heart and soul into my work and lost my mind in the process” • Vincent Van Goh • U.S.A vs. C.S.A map • Civil War K-W-L • Section 1 & 2 Vocab • SSR

35. Day 2 • “The great thing about thoughts is that you can always change your mind. With words you can never take them back” • In Class Schedule • Notes • Resources of the North & South