GREEN REVOLUTION

2. GREEN REVOLUTION

3. What is Green Revolution? Introduction of new technology in agriculture sector, in order to increase its production through different measures

4. Increase in production was made by different ways 1. Introduction of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize. 2. Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in many less developed countries

5. 3. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time required to disinfect the crop. 4. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in many countries where formerly one harvest a year was standard. 5. New methods of rotating crops were developed which increased land productivity.

6. 6. New shorter plants have been discovered that are more responsive to fertilizer. Similarly, some sturdier types are mo.re disease-resistant. 7. Botanists have been able to breed the photosensitive genes out of plants . Making planting possible at any time of the year.

10. Background Green Revolutionoccured between the 1940s and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture production around the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former United States Agency for International Development (USAID) director William Gaud.

11. Norman Borlaug Joined Rockefeller Foundation team in Mexico 1944 Increased yield, rust resistance in wheat Biggest contributor to Green Revolution Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1970

12. Stages of Green Revolution The green revolution can be divided into four different stages Scientific Breakthrough Technological Breakthrough Production Breakthrough Agricultural Breakthrough

13. Scientific breakthrough The discovery of high yield varieties of seeds; Mexican wheat varieties ( Mexi -Pak) developed in the international corn and wheat improvement center . high yielding rice verities in the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines.

14. Technological Breakthrough To achieve optimal level of output from above HYVs. Technological developments were made in the field of mechanization . water resource utilization.

15. Production Breakthrough Excess supply of inputs such as fertilizers, chemicals, machinery and HYVs of seeds The government made facilitating policies pertaining to easy and cheap availability of inputs and prices stability of outputs etc

16. Agricultural Breakthrough The efforts made in earlier phases helped a lot to give enormous output It covered all the main crops and also the various enterprises of animal production This agriculture produce directly and indirectly benefited the small as well as large-scale farmers

17. Benefits of Green Revolution High yield varieties were introduced which gave more production. Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was observed. Better quality pesticides and insecticides increased acreage of land. Better management of human resources and induction of newly trained laborers.

18. Water availability was ensured, keeping in view its quantity required. Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies and credit to the producers. Incentive prices were offered to the farmers through the price support program. Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and machinery and allied equipments.

19. The annual increase in 1963-64 and 1964-65 was around 35 percent. Transmission of the improved technology to the farmers through Extension Service Programs.

20. Reasons for yield increase Increased inputs Labor Fertilizer Machinery increased output Using technology without increasing inputs Increased efficiency

21. Inputs Fertilizer Can improve yields dramatically: 20-1000% Diminished response if keep adding Reduces growth at high levels Effectiveness depends on Water/Irrigation Timing of application Biggest increase will be in Africa Dem. Rep. Congo uses 1% fertilizer used in South Africa

22. Tractors Poorest farmers will consider moving from hand tools to animals Farmers using animals will consider using machinery May not be efficient choice: Credit limited Gas expensive Maintenance expensive But labor cheap

23. Land Reforms World Bank: productivity would be increased if land distribution more equitable Land reform (redistribution) successful after WWII: South Korea, Taiwan China Recent success Japan Zimbabwe Kerala, India

24. Criticisms of the Green Revolution Green Revolution hasn’t alleviated hunger Economic power, land controlled by few Technology benefits wealthy Therefore Green Revolution increases inequity More hunger AND more food at same time

25. Cont….. Food Insecurity of poor not addressed Cash Crops: food flows from the poor and hungry nations to the rich and well-fed nations Green Revolution not sustainable destroys resource base on which agriculture depends

26. Cont…. Early, poor had little access to credit Could not buy seeds, fertilizer, irrigation to make Green Revolution work Wealthy invested, got richer, drove out poor Now, more emphasis on loans for poor

27. Example: India Self-sufficient in grain due to Green Revolution But 1/3 of people poor 5,000 children die each day Poor cannot afford to BUY the food

28. There are still problems Need good land (wealthy own) Agrochemicals bad for health, environment Expensive inputs: profits to global chemical companies Rural people displaced from land Mechanization reduces agricultural jobs Not ecologically sustainable: depletes soil, pesticide race

29. Soil Depletion Worldwide Dramatic increases in yields during 1970s, 1980s Soil now depleted, resulting in leveling off or dropping yields 6% of Ag land in India now useless

30. Profits Profits from Green Revolution go to Middlemen Banks Chemical companies Biggest growers Grain prices fall Farms get bigger

31. Increased Dependency Poor countries must import: Seeds Fertilizer Pesticides Herbicides Cost to India increased 600% 1960-1980 Biotechnology leads to more dependency

32. Unsustainable Agriculture Industrial agriculture mining land to extract maximum output “War” between humans and weeds, insects and disease Market dictates weapons: pesticides and chemical fertilizers We are destroying our food- producing resources

33. Destruction of Agricultural Resources Desertification Soil erosion Pesticide contamination Groundwater depletion Salinization Urban sprawl Genetic resources shrinking Fossil fuels depleting

34. Sustainable Agriculture Goals Environmental Health Economic Profitability Social and Economic Equity

35. Questions and suggestions Thanks