1 / 27

The 11th Century: commerce, cities, Popes and Emperors

The 11th Century: commerce, cities, Popes and Emperors. Read the TEXTBOOK and make an outline of the most important dates and events, like: 476: fall of the WRE 600-751: Barbarians and Popes, Christianizing the Barbarians, re-organizing the kingdoms 751: Pepin and the Franks

miette
Download Presentation

The 11th Century: commerce, cities, Popes and Emperors

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The 11th Century: commerce, cities, Popes and Emperors

  2. Read the TEXTBOOK and make an outline of the most important dates and events, like: 476: fall of the WRE 600-751: Barbarians and Popes, Christianizing the Barbarians, re-organizing the kingdoms 751: Pepin and the Franks 800s: Charlemagne, Holy Roman Empire, etc 800s-1000s: post Carolingian age, feudalism, Lords and Vassals Read your READER and PRIMARY SOURCES and fit those in your outline, like: 600-751: letter of Gregory the Great to the Queen 800s: Charlemagne by Einhard, Capitularies 800s-1000s: William of Aquitaine, etc. If you feel lost..

  3. From last time • Post-Carolingian Europe: an age of political and social unrest • ‘France’: feudalism • The relationship between Lord and Vassals and the progressive lack of centralization • Knights and knighthood: a necessary phenomenon to keep the system working

  4. At the center of early medieval life… Bagnoregio, Italy

  5. One more example… Assisi, Italy

  6. Church at the center of medieval life • The Church regulates the time of the day • The Church regulates the time of the year • The Church regulates the time of men’s and women’s life • Christianity as a key factor in the culture of the Middle Ages

  7. Is the French model the only one? No: Italy, for example…

  8. Italian’s ‘comuni’: the beginning • ‘Urban’ setting -as urban as the Middle Ages go: ‘comuni’ vs. castles • Commerce vs. agriculture • Comuni as marketplace • Social structure: ‘consorteria’ rather than patriarchal line of inheritance • Consorteria: the progenitors of the banks

  9. The Beginning of the 11th Century: the commercial revolution

  10. How does that work? • Increase in population • Greater productivity in agriculture • Development of money-market • New commercial markets opening up around castles and in towns and increasingly over the territory

  11. Money money money…

  12. The medieval ‘venture’ capitalism • ‘Commenda’ : those Italians… • Usury is forbidden, but.. • ‘Late payment fee’! • Commerce brings to the fore a specific social ‘class’: artisans

  13. The guilds: between a corporation and a trade-union

  14. So.. • Commercial revolution: social implications • Commercial revolution: political implications • Commercial revolution: religious implications

  15. Politics: Italy • Guilds and commerce very strong • ‘Commende’ and proto-banks very strong • Political life organized around city • The full developments of the ‘Comuni’

  16. Comuni and independence Milan, 1097 • Who ‘ruled’ Italian city? Bishops! -remember Gregory the Great and his influence on the Lombards… • The ‘comuni’ needs independence from their Bishops • Milan succeeds in 1097, and the other cities in north and central Italy follow suit

  17. So.. • So far we have seen the French feudal model: lords, vassals, knights and serfs, living in a castle, very ‘rural’ and very localized • Italy: ‘comuni’ and the development of ‘urban’ settings, commercial marketplaces and the proto-bank system • Many more examples of political systems in your textbook! • How about Germany?

  18. Germany: the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (ca.936-973)

  19. The secrets of Otto’s success: • Military strength (he won against Italy and the Slavs) • He used his influence to appoint aristocratic supporters, and BISHOPS -very important point..why? • Because bishoprics cannot be inherited! • But there are some troubling consequences….

  20. Church, politics and money=SIMONY! Dante Alighieri, Inferno

  21. Holy Roman Empire: politics and religion • Tradition of Emperors appointing Bishops, and therefore laying a heavy mortgage on the authority and prerogatives of the Church • Church in trouble: people ‘paying’ for becoming Bishops, hence simony • Church and Empire in trouble: what would happen if the Popes were not ok with this?

  22. Gregory VII and Henry IV: the Pope is not OK with the Emperor

  23. Political Situation • A NOT-SO-STRONG KING Henry III dies in 1056 and the new King, Henry IV, ascends to the throne, but he is only 6 years of age! • A VERY STRONG POPE Gregory VII, Hildebrand of Soana, becomes Pope in 1073, when Henry IV was still young and he had lost much of his influence given his young age

  24. Changes in the church: Dictatus Papae (1075)

  25. Political struggle: Gregory VII against Henry IV on the issue of investitures Henry IV, 11th c., Chronicle of Ekkehard of Aura

  26. Gregory VII Gregory VII, ms. 11th c.

  27. Steps of the controversy • In 1076 Henry IV tries to depose the Pope • The Pope excommunicates Henry • What were the arguments used by Henry and Gregory against each other? Look at the source… • (TO BE CONTINUED NEXT TIME)

More Related