The United States and Latin America

1. The United States and Latin America By Angela Brown Chapter 9 Section 4

2. Essential Question: • What actions did the US take to achieve its goal in Latin America? Learning Targets: • Explain why the United States built the Panama Canal and the impact that it had. • Compare American foreign policy in the early 1900s in Latin America and in Asia. • Describe President Taft’s use of “dollar diplomacy,” including its legacy as an American foreign policy.

3. By 1900, U.S. emerged as a World Power, controlled several overseas territories and had a large and vigorous economy. • Led to McKinley’s decisive victory in 1900

4. McKinley’s assassination put Republican Theodore Roosevelt in charge. • He developed a foreign policy and lead the U.S. to intervene internationally to meet U.S. needs.

5. *Civil Government in Puerto Rico http://www.solarnavigator.net/geography/geography_images/Puerto_Rico_map_caribbean.jpg

6. *Foracker Act • After the war Puerto Rico remained under direct US military rule. • In 1900, Congress passed the Foracker Act, establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico. • US President would appoint a governor and a portion of the legislature. • Puerto Ricans would fill the rest in a general election.

7. *Citizenship • The question of citizenship remained unclear. • The Congress continued to pass legislation to grant Puerto Ricans more rights and give them more control of their legislature. • Puerto Ricans continue to vote against statehood today.

8. *Cuban Protectorate • US Army did not withdraw until 1902. • Congress forced Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to its Constitution before leaving as part of the treaty. • This Amendment restricted the rights of newly independent Cubans and brought the island within the US sphere. • It prevented Cuba from signing a treaty with another nation without American approval.

9. *Protectorate • It required Cuba to lease naval stations to the US. (Guantanamo Bay) • It granted the US the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba. • This treaty made Cuba a protectorate of the US and governed their relationship until 1934. • Replaced the Teller Amendment

10. The Panama Canal • The Spanish-American War illustrated a need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. • A canal could be built across Central America to link the oceans.

11. Building the Panama Canal • The Isthmus of Panama was an ideal location. • Panama was a province of Columbia.

12. 1879 French Company headed by Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a 25-year concession to build a canal • Concession – grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose

13. Yellow fever and mismanagement = project abandoned 10 years later • Offered its rights to the U.S. for $100 million • Price fell to $40 million, Congress passed Spooner Act in 1902 – authorized purchase • Act required U.S. work out treaty with Colombia for land lease

14. Colombia was waiting for French lease to expire in 1904 to get a higher price. • Roosevelt was enraged. • The U.S. stated would not interfere with a Panamanian revolution against Colombia.

15. Revolt took place in Nov. 1903 • U.S. warships offshore to provide support for rebels • Immediately recognized Panama’s independence and became its protector • Feb 1904, Panama ratified the Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty – gave U.S. a permanent grant of a 10-mile wide strip of land for a canal zone

16. Panama received $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. • Construction began in 1904. • 35,000 workers trained from several countries.

17. Surpassed all expectations • 1914 Canal finished, six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget. • *It cut 8,000 nautical miles off the trip from the west coast to the east coast of the US.

18. Reaction to Panama Canal • Roosevelt’s opponents did not appreciate the methods he used to secure the canal zone. • Most Americans approved of Pres. Roosevelt’s actions in Panama. • Panama Canal left ill will among Latin Americans toward the U.S. • In recognition of means used to acquire Canal Zone, Congress voted to pay $25 million to Colombia in 1921, after TR died. • *5,000 canal workers died from disease or accidents while building the canal.

19. Foreign Policy • 1901 Roosevelt quoted an old African Proverb: “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” • “Big Stick” = U.S. Navy

20. The Roosevelt Corollary • Corollary – extension of previously accepted idea • Roosevelt extended the Monroe Doctrine. • The U.S. government would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers. • *U.S. would act as a police power to protect the hemisphere.

21. Dominican Republic (formerly Santo Domingo) bankrupt • U.S. took over finances and paid its European debt. • Roosevelt’s actions were blocked by Congress. • He got around Congress by creating an executive agreement with Santo Domingo’s President.

22. Under Roosevelt the U.S. intervened in Latin America often. • Latin Americans and Congress were displeased. • Roosevelt’s single-handed foreign policies strengthened the President’s powers and weakened Congress.

23. Roosevelt as Peacemaker • 1905 Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement to the Russo-Japanese War. • Persuaded Japan to accept small grants of land and control over Korea instead of a huge sum of money.

24. Russia agreed to vacate Manchuria. • Roosevelt succeeded in keeping trade in China open to all nations. • Roosevelt won a Nobel Prize for this mediation.

25. http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/nobelportsmouth.htm • Roosevelt won Nobel Prize for mediation • The Treaty of Portsmouth resolved the Russo-Japanese War and earned Theodore Roosevelt recognition by the Nobel Prize Committee.

26. http://www.mikelevin.com/MountRushmore.jpg Mount Rushmore • Should Theodore Roosevelt’ face be on this monument with these great leaders? Why? • Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt

27. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” • 1908 William Howard Taft was elected President over William Jennings Bryan. • Main foreign policy goals to maintain the open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America. • Preferred “substituting dollars for bullets” – increasing American investment in foreign economies

28. “Dollar Diplomacy” • Contemporaries mocked approach = Dollar Diplomacy • $ diplomacy not as successful as Taft hoped – results not always profitable • Created enemies in Latin America who resent U.S. influence. • Anti-colonialism abroad and anti-imperialism at home checked further expansion.

29. *Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” • Wilson criticized the two previous administrations and vowed to take US foreign policy in a new direction. • He promised the US would never take another foot of territory by force but would work to promote human rights, national integrity, and opportunity. • This was his message of “moral diplomacy”.

30. Woodrow Wilson http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/fileadmin/historyLearningSite/ woodrow.jpg

31. Wilson’s Military Use • He did intervene several times to guide Latin America in the direction he felt appropriate. • He sent the marines to Haiti to protect American interest from French and German aggression. • US soldiers and sailors intervened in the Dominican Republic and Mexico.

32. Haiti http://go.hrw.com/atlas/norm_map/haiti.gif

33. *Mexican Revolution • In 1911, Francisco Madero led the Mexican Revolution that toppled Diaz. • 1n 1913, Victoriano Huerta seized power and executed Madero. • Huerta pledged to protect American investments but do to moral diplomacy Wilson favored Venustiano Carranza, another reformer, who had organized anti-Huerta forces.

34. Mexico http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/americas/mexico_pol97.jpg

35. *U.S. Involvement • In 1914, Wilson sent marines to occupy the Mexican port of Veracruz. • Huerta’s government to collapse, and Carranza assumed the presidency. • The new Carranza government was slow in bringing reforms. • Rebels arose again.

36. *Pancho Villa • In 1916 Francisco “Pancho” Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans. • President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and over 10,000 troops on an expedition to Mexico. • Pershing’s forces chased Villa for several months.

37. Pancho Villa http://www.facade.com/celebrity/photo/Pancho_Villa.jpg http://clubs.asua.arizona.edu/~mecha/images/Images/History/pancho.jpg

38. *World War I • Wilson eventually withdrew American troops from Mexico in 1917 mostly because of his concerns about WWI raging in Europe. • General Pershing took command of the American Expeditionary Force in France.