U3C8 Life in the Industrial Age: 1800-1900

1. U3C8Life in the Industrial Age: 1800-1900 World History

3. Main Idea During the 1700s and 1800s, the Industrial Revolution changed practically everything about the world of work. Many of the changes were technological advances. As the rate of advances increased, many other aspects of daily life besides work were also transformed.

4. Essential Question What are the far-reaching effects of the Industrial Revolution?

7. 8.1 Advances in Technology: Electric Power- Thomas Edison’s Lightbulb • 1831-English chemist Michael Faraday discovered connection between magnetism and electricity leading to the first generator • 1879-Edison developed first usable lightbulb • was the result of many hours of trial and error in his Menlo Park, New Jersey laboratory • made generators, light sockets, motors and other electrical devices • built first central electric power plant in New York City

9. Electric Power: Effects • Transformed industry in both U.S. and Europe in 3 important ways: • Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines to power machines • No longer had to depend on waterways to power the steam engines • Production increased with less reliance on sunlight

11. Trains • efficient steam engines led to trains and steamships, while the internal combustion engine led to cars and airplanes • early 1800s, boats on canals and rivers carried heavy loads • 1830: world’s first rail line connects Manchester and Liverpool • 1840: U.S. had 3,000 miles of RR track in the east • Late 1850s: Bessemer Process improved steel making • 1860: 30,000 miles of track linked major American cities, lowering the cost of goods

13. Steamships • 1849: regular U.S. service began, west coast to east • 1870: mechanical improvements changed ocean travel making it economically viable

14. The Automobile • 1885: Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed a 3 wheeled vehicle • 1908: Henry Ford began working on affordable cars using mass production to produce the Model T

15. The Airplane • December 17, 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright flew 120 ft. at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina

17. Communication • The Telegraph: invented bySamuel Morse in 1837 with the aid of electricity; invented language known as Morse Code • The Telephone: invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 • The Radio and Phonograph: Radio invented by Italian Physicist Guglielmo Marconiin 1895; phonograph by Edison

19. 8.2 Scientific and Medical Achievements: New Ideas in Science- Charles Darwin Developed “Theory of Evolution”: species will evolve with their environment Differed from creation story in the Bible

21. Dmitri Mendeleyev

22. Marie and Pierre Curie 1898: French chemists discovered polonium and radium and concluded that certain elements release energy when they break down (radioactivity)

24. Albert Einstein 1905: German-Jewish scientist that revolutionized physics Overturned theories of Sir Isaac Newton

25. Einstein continued Developed “special theory of relativity”: no particle of matter can move faster than the speed of light

29. Medical Breakthroughs • 1870: Louis Pasteur showed the link between microbes and disease, disproving spontaneous generation • Discovered that bacteria cause fermentation • Pasteurization: the process of heating to high temperatures to destroy bacteria that cause disease • Developed vaccine for anthrax and rabies in 1885

30. Louis Pasteur

31. Improving Medical Care • 1842: American surgeon Crawford W. Long- used an anesthetic-first painless operation involving ether • 1860s: English surgeon Joseph Lister cleans wounds with an antiseptic containing carbolic acid reducing deaths • Improvements in modern hospitals, more nurse schooling • 1900: 5% of American physicians were women • 1800: 240 infant deaths per 1000 • 1898: 91 per 1000

32. New Ideas in Social Sciences • Late 1800s: psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology born • 1890s: psychology, the study of the mind and human behavior emerged

33. Ivan Pavlov Studied animals to better understand humans. Concluded that human behavior is similar.

34. Sigmund Freud Austrian-Jewish physician Therapy called “psychoanalysis”

35. Other Social Sciences • Archeology: study of the past based on artifacts • Anthropology: study of humanity and human ancestors • Sociology: study of people in groups in their own societies

36. 8.3 Daily Life in the 1800s: Cities Grow and Change • Urbanization occurred throughout the 1800s in Europe and the U.S.; more people lived in towns and cities • The Industrial City: people drawn by jobs- Lowell, Mass.-textiles, Chicago-meatpacking, Pittsburgh-steelmaking—the negative aspect was smog, the combination of coal smoke and fog, which killed 268 people in London in 1873

37. Migration to Cities • Immigrate: to move to another country to live • Between 1870 and 1900, about 12 million people immigrated to the U.S. • From Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia and China • 1890-42% of New Yorkers were foreign born • Boston, Chicago, San Francisco

38. The Livable City • Improved plumbing-better drinking water • Electricity-stoves, vacuums • 1833- first skyscraper in Chicago- 10 stories tall • 1863- first subway in London • “Suburbs” were created as cities moved outward, they were cleaner, with public transportation

39. Leisure Activities Causes Effects Time for sports: soccer, rugby, football, baseball More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art • Higher incomes, more free time • Public transportation to recreational areas • Public funding of cultural activities

41. Changes in the Arts: Romanticism • Romanticism: literary and artistic development of the early 1800s with an emphasis on intuition and feeling • Love of nature, deep emotions, value of the individual, affection for the past, and the importance of the imagination • Poet William Wordsworth, German composer Ludwig van Beethoven

43. Realism • Movement that was a reaction to romanticism • Depicted everyday life, no matter how unpleasant • Charles Dickens: struggles of London’s poor • Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace • Henrik Ibsen: play revealed unfair treatment of women in A Doll’s House

45. Impressionism • 1860s French painters: Monet, Renior • Wanted to capture the impression of a scene using light, vivid color, and motion rather than realist details