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Vocabulary

Vocabulary. Chemical Bond attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit bonds form in order to… increase stability. Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem. Chemical Bonding. atoms give up or gain electrons and are attracted.

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Vocabulary

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  1. Vocabulary • Chemical Bond • attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit • bonds form in order to… • increase stability Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

  2. Chemical Bonding • atoms give up or gain electrons and are attracted Cl gains an e– Na loses an e– Na Na1+ + e– (Metal) Cl + e– Cl1– (Non-Metal) ionic compounds = salts Na1+ + Cl1– NaCl K1+ + NO31– KNO3 where NO31– is a polyatomic ion: a charged group of atoms that stay together

  3. n = 3 n = 3 Ionic Bonding NaCl n = 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Na [Ne]3s1 Cl [Ne]3s23p5 Na+ [Ne] Cl- [Ne]3s23p6 Transfer of electrons to achieve a stable octet (8 electrons in valence shell).

  4. Properties of Ionic Compounds VERY HARD each ion is bonded to several oppositely- charged ions HIGH MELTING POINTS many bonds must be broken BRITTLE with sufficient force, like atoms are brought next to each other and repel

  5. Writing Chemical Formulas

  6. The Swap n Drop Method • The Swap n Drop method is an easy way to determine the formula of any ionic compound. • The ionic compound can be the simple (binary) ionic compound with just two elements, or one that has a polyatomic ion as part of it. • You can get the oxidation values directly off of the periodic table for most elements or they are part of the “Polyatomic Cheat Sheet”.

  7. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Calcium and Nitrogen Ca N Ca2+ N3- Ca3N2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  8. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Be Br Be Br Be2+ Br1- BeBr2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  9. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Lithium Oxide: Li O Li1+ O2- Li2O • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  10. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Magnesium Nitride: Mg N Mg2+ N3- Mg3N2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  11. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Lithium Chloride: Li Cl Li1+ Cl1- LiCl • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  12. Formulas With Transition Metals • The Swap n Drop method is also used when dealing with metals that have more than one oxidation number. (Copper, Iron, Lead, or Tin) • The oxidation number for these metals can be found in the name of the compound that contains them. • Examples: • Iron (II) oxide – the Iron (Fe) used here has an oxidation number of 2 • Lead (IV) sulfide – the Lead (Pb) used here has a oxidation number of 4.

  13. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Iron (III) Oxide: Fe O Fe3+ O2- Fe2O3 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  14. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Lead (II) Chloride: Pb Cl Pb2+ Cl1- PbCl2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  15. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Copper (I) Phosphide: Cu P Cu1+ P3- Cu3P • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  16. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Tin (II) Sulfide: Sn S Sn2+ S2- Sn2S2 SnS • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  17. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Lead(IV) Oxide: Pb O Pb4+ O2- Pb2O4 PbO2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  18. Polyatomic Ions • Polyatomic ions are clusters of atoms that stay together as one unit and carry an overall charge. Most polyatomic ions are negatively charged. .

  19. Polyatomic Ionic Compounds Parenthesis • You need more than one polyatomic ion in your formula…This means that you will have to use brackets. Use parenthesis whenever you need more than one polyatomic ion in the formula. • Example: Iron (III) nitrate… • Start with symbols and combining capacities… Fe3 NO31 • After the Swap n Drop, you may get one of two possibilities… • FeNO33 OR Fe (NO3)3 • The second option is right because it says you need two nitrate clusters to go with every iron atom. The first option, which did not use reads as one iron atom and thirty-three oxygen atoms. • Fe(NO3)3 is the correct formula! Use the parenthesis!

  20. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Sodium Nitrate: Na NO3 Na1+ (NO3)1- Na(NO3) • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  21. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Calcium Chlorate Ca ClO3 Ca2+ (ClO3)1- Ca(ClO3)2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  22. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Lithium Phosphate: Li PO4 Li1+ (PO4)3- Li3(PO4) • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  23. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Aluminum Sulfate: Al SO4 Al3+ (SO4)2- Al2(SO4)3 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  24. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Tin (IV) Carbonate: Sn CO3 Sn4+ (CO3)2- Sn2(CO3)4 Sn(CO3)2 • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together. Reduce!

  25. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Ammonium Phosphate: NH4 PO4 ( NH4)1+ ( PO4)3- (NH4)3 (PO4) • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together.

  26. Swap it and Drop it Steps (in order) Magnesium Carbonate: Mg CO3 Mg2+ (CO3)2- Mg2(CO3)2 Mg(CO3) • Write the chemical symbols. • Write the oxidation numberover the symbols. • Swap it and Drop it. • Reduce – if necessary- the same numbers or a 2 & 4 together. Reduce!

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