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KARI-CIMMYT-DRRW partnership in East Africa: Working together to beat the threat of Ug99

KARI-CIMMYT-DRRW partnership in East Africa: Working together to beat the threat of Ug99. Sridhar Bhavani. P. Njau R. Wanyera. B. Girma Bekele Abeyo A. Badebo G. Woldeab. R.P. Singh J. Huerta-Espino Sukhwinder Singh. Gordon Cesar. EIAR. Ug99: Origin and Facts.

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KARI-CIMMYT-DRRW partnership in East Africa: Working together to beat the threat of Ug99

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  1. KARI-CIMMYT-DRRW partnership in East Africa: Working together to beat the threat of Ug99 Sridhar Bhavani P. Njau R. Wanyera B. Girma Bekele Abeyo A. Badebo G. Woldeab R.P. SinghJ. Huerta-Espino Sukhwinder Singh Gordon Cesar EIAR

  2. Ug99: Origin and Facts • A race of Puccinia graminis tritici affectingwheat, barley and triticale • First detected in Uganda (Dr. William Wagore – 1998) on Wheat Nurseries (Kalingree)-increased susceptibility of CIMMYT and international nurseries • Confirmed to be a unique race in 1999 – virulence for Sr31- Ug99-TTKST • Threat to significant proportion of global wheat germplasm (80%) • 50 million ha (~25% of world wheat area)

  3. Why Ug99 is a global threat? • Highly aggressive Broad virulence spectrum, Several genes ineffective >80% of wheat lines world wide found susceptible in Kenya (2006-2008) • Ug99 is Mutating 7 variants identified Ug99+Sr24, Ug99+Sr36 • Migration from Uganda to Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, Sudan and reported in Iran (2007) • Predicted migration threat to other regions – S. Asia, East and central Asia and the pacific Early epidemics can cause >70% losses Estimated 10% losses in production - SAARC countries worth US$1.5 billion

  4. Potential risk areas – 2005 assessment • Primary Risk Zone: Wheat Areas Only (Totals) • 1 Billion People • 117 Million Tons Production (c.19% world production) • Value US$ 23.4 Billion (using US$200/t) • 10% losses worth US$ 2.3 billion

  5. Ug99 migration & evolution: current status • Range expansion: • Present in various Eastern and Southern Africa countries, Sudan, Yemen and Iran • Diversity expansion: • 7 variants now identified • The most important variants (Sr24+Sr31 virulent) spread in Eastern and Southern Africa • Infrastructure in place for race-analysis in Ethiopia & Kenya • Backup support from • USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Lab. (USA) • AAFC (Canada) • Free State Univ. (South Africa) • Global Reference Center (Denmark) Data sources: AAFC, Canada; Free State Univ., South Africa; USDA-ARS Cereals Disease Lab, USA

  6. Borlaug Global Rust Initiative • 2005: “Sounding the alarm” by Nobel Peace Laureate Dr. Norman E. Borlaug • Rust Summit held in Kenya and BGRI launched • The Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat project supported by the BMGF in 2008- Phase 1 • BMGF and DFID (Dept. for Int. Dev.- UK) 2010,11–Phase 2 • www.globalrust.org • Several aspects of research on Ug99

  7. Mitigating the effects of Ug99 • The East African component of DRRW designed to • Facilitate field screening of international germplasm • Pre-breeding efforts by testing advanced lines, Varieties • Facilitate CIMMYT-Kenya shuttle breeding incorporating Ug99 resistance F3,F4 segregating populations CIMMYT- Mexico, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal • Characterizing genes for Sr resistance Major genes and APR • Monitor further migration of Ug99 and its variants Survey and surveillance • Capacity building of National programs- Training • Breeding release of Ug99 resistant varieties

  8. Implementation of Strategies-KARI,EIAR EIAR – Debre Zeit (12 ha)Durum and bread wheat screening KARI – Njoro (14ha)Bread wheat screening-Most activities • Wheat growing environments-good adaptation, growth and high disease pressure • Pathotypes available (Ug99 lineage-Ug99, Ug99+Sr24, Ug99+Sr36) • Facilities supported by BGRI (DRRW) and CIMMYT • Breeding - fits with shuttle breeding (2 seasons)-Kenya 2185 MSL 980mm 200km w 1850 MSL 839mm 40km SE

  9. International stem rust screening nurseries Bread Wheat (Spring and Winter), Barley, Durum wheat Methodology • Main season :June-October • Off-season :December-March • Spring wheat: Planted as twin 70cm-rows • Inoculations: Syringe/Spray inoculations-TTKST (Ug99+Sr24) • Artificial Epidemics- High disease pressure • Scoring: Modified Cobb scale - Severity/Infection type reaction

  10. Nurseries evaluated over time (2005-2013) ~ 300,000 entries tested at KARI, Njoro, Kenya ~ 73,000 entries tested at EIAR, Deber-Zeit Ethiopia

  11. Comparative field response of germplasm screened at KARI (2006-2012) to Ug99 + variants • R-MR = up to 20% disease severity with small-size uredinia • MR-MS = up to 40% disease severity with medium-size uredinia • MS-S = 50-100% disease severity with medium to large-size uredinia

  12. Breeding wheat germplasm with increased yield potential, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and end-use qualityMexico (Cd. Obregon-Toluca/El Batan)- Kenya International Shuttle Breeding: Cd. Obregón 39 masl High yield (irrigated), Water-use efficiency, Heat tolerance, Leaf rust, stem rust (not Ug99) Njoro, Kenya 2185 masl Stem rust (Ug99 group) Yellow rust El Batán 2249 masl Leaf rust, Fusarium Toluca 2640 masl Yellow rust Septoria tritici Fusarium Zero tillage • Shuttle breeding between Mexico and Kenya initiated in 2006 • >1000 F3/F4 populations undergo Mexico-Kenya shuttle • High yielding, resistant lines derived from 1st group of Mexico-Kenya shuttle distributed worldwide in 2011 and 2012 • Distribution of new materials to continue each year

  13. Identifying materials with adult plant resistance to Ug99 Greenhouse seedling tests -USDA-ARS Lab. in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA Field evaluations-Kenya/Ethiopia Characterization of PBC phenotype and Sr2 linked molecular markers Identified APR Sources: Kingbird, Kiritati, Juchi, Pavon, Huirivis, Muu, Parula, Picaflor, Danphe, Chonte Kingbird

  14. Diversity for slow rusting, minor genes: 13 genomic regions identified in CIMMYT wheat through bi-parental and association mapping studies wPt3774 wPt1922 Cfd13 wPt5333 wPt5037 Sr2 Yr30 Lr27 Pm csSr2 gwm533 Barc133 wPt2921 0.0 wmc154 wPt9668 41.4 3.7 wPt1560 wPt1328 8.5 10.4 Lr34 Yr18 Pm38 Sr57 wPt2565 csLV34 29.7 53.4 51.0 58.5 wPt2689 wPt1029 31.5 45.4 gwm371 82.0 92.8 100.7 118.8 wPt7200 wPt7750 wPt8460 wmc175 wPt6997 68.1 77.2 wPt5749 87.8 wPt5343 wPt7351 wPt4487 126.1 GBS76 gwm604 wPt1304 GBS558 14.0 126.8 Lr46 Yr29 Pm39 Sr Lr67 Yr46 Sr55 Pm46 wPt0128 wPt4987 gwm165 gwm192 15.3 csNLRR gwm146 csLV46 Lr68 20.3 21.75 1A 1B 2B 3B 3D 4A 4D 5B 6B 7B 7D Four genes with pleiotropic genetic effects on multiple diseases now known: Sr2/Yr30/Lr27/Pm, Lr34/Yr18/Pm38/Sr57, Lr46/Yr29/Pm39/Sr, Lr67/Yr46/Pm46/Sr55

  15. Surveillance Stem Rust in farmer’s fields Monitor pathogen movement Scouting New races Race Analysis Reference centers University of Aarhus, Denmark Cereal Disease Laboratory AAFC Canada Narok - South Rift (May, 2011) Bahati, Nakuru-Central Rift (Aug &Sept)

  16. Capacity building • 4th stem rust training course on “Standardization of stem rust note taking and evaluation of germplasm with emphasis on emerging threats of Yellow rust and Leaf rust” (September 25th - October 5th, 2012) was conducted with 31 participants from 14 different countries.

  17. Impact from screening activities

  18. Released Varieties Kenya and Ethiopia(2008-12) Variety (PotentialT/Ha): Variety (Original name/source) • Kenya Wren (8.5 T/Ha.) • Kenya Robin (8.1 T/Ha.)(8% area) • Kenya Tai (6.5 T/Ha.) • Kenya Sunbird (6.5 T/Ha.) • Kenya Eagle 10 (6.5 T/Ha.) • Kenya Korongo (8.5 T/Ha.) • Kenya Kingbird (6.0 T/Ha.) • Kenya Hawk 12 (8.0 T/Ha.) • Kakaba (Picaflor)CIMMYT) • Danda’a (Danphe)CIMMYT) • Gambo (Quiaiu) CIMMYT) • Hoggana (ICARDA) • Shorima (ICARDA) • Huluka (ICARDA) • Digelu (released 2007)

  19. Collaborative projects 1.BBSRC Maximizing the potential for sustainable and durable resistance to the wheat yellow rust pathogen Population genomics platform of pathogen , Host gene characterization, fine mapping and gene deployment, breeding for durable resistance 2. BBSRC Implementing effective marker technologies into disease resistance wheat breeding programs within Africa Identify and characterize sources of adult plant resistance (APR) , advanced microscopy to determine the cellular changes that occur within wheat flag leaves as a consequence of the presence of APR genes, enable MAS in African national wheat breeding 3. BREAD-NSF Characterize two wheat rust resistance suppressor loci, providing information about a new class of negative regulators of cereal pathogen responses utilize inactivated suppressors to uncover useful rust resistance genes that can be quickly deployed in breeding wheat varieties resistant to Ug99 Develop molecular markers for the two suppressors and isolate stem rust suppressor gene candidate(s) on wheat chromosome 7DL. Cristobal Uauy (cristobal.uauy@jic.ac.uk) on behalf of all project partners

  20. Funding EIAR Thanks!!!

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