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ENGINEERING and ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN A CHANGING WORLD

ENGINEERING and ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN A CHANGING WORLD. Yunus Çengel Professor and Dean, Adnan Menderes University , Turkey (Professor Emeritus, University of Nevada , Reno, USA) IITD February 6, 2013. WHAT IS ENGINEERING?. Is Steve Jobs an Engineer?.

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ENGINEERING and ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN A CHANGING WORLD

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  1. ENGINEERING and ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN A CHANGING WORLD Yunus Çengel Professor and Dean, Adnan Menderes University, Turkey (Professor Emeritus, University of Nevada, Reno, USA) IITD February 6, 2013

  2. WHAT IS ENGINEERING?

  3. Is Steve Jobs an Engineer? Steve Jobs, a college dropout, co-founded Apple Computer in 1976 when he was 21 and, with his childhood friend Steve Wozniak, marketed what was considered the world's first personal computer, the Apple II. (IBM introduced its PC in 1984). In 2007, he transformed the cell phone. Apple's iPhone, with its iconic touch screen, was a handheld computer, music player, messaging device, digital wallet and – almost incidentally – cell phone.

  4. Steve Jobs: A Technology Leader (Oct. 5, 2011) • APPLE Homepage: "Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being." • APPLE Board of Directors: "Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve." • Industry watchers called him a master innovator – perhaps on a par with Thomas Edison – changing the worlds of computing, recorded music and communications. • President Barack Obama: • “Steve was among the greatest of American innovators – brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it. … He made the information revolutionnot only accessible, but intuitive and fun.”

  5. ENGINEERING = INOVATION (Ingenuity)

  6. ENGINEERING: CHANGE and PROGRESS • The world is fast-changing. There is continual demand for the better. • Science&Technologyis the engine of this change. The only thing that will not change is change itself. • In a changing environment, those who do not change actually go backward. • Change cannot be stopped; it can only be redirected.

  7. SPEED OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT • Today’s cell phone has more computer power than all of NASA back in 1969, when it placed two astronauts on the moon. • The Sony PlayStation of today, which costs $300, has the power of a military supercomputer of 1997, which cost millions of dollars. Moore’s law: Speed of microprocessors doubles every 18 months. (Gordon Moore, Intel founder, 1965)

  8. CHANGE: An Intrinsic trait of humanity • Humans are CHANGINGbeings. • Objection to change is objection to being human and denial of humanity. • Intelligent • Talking • Social • Economic • CHANGING HUMANS are BEINGS. (HUMANS vs. ANIMALS) Engineering: A joyful profession. Exhibiting creativity is a human-like and joyful act.

  9. Essence of Engineering Engineering Education CHANGE DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING: A Dynamic Profession Demands of society for the better; desire for change Practice of Engineering Profile of future engineer Engineering Education Technology: - Power, - Wealth, - Comfort. Technology: Has a snowballing effect on job creation

  10. IEEE: 75% of Cars Will Be Autonomous By 2040 • General Motors' Cadillac division expects to produce partially autonomous cars at a large scale by 2015, and the automaker also predicts it will have fully autonomous cars available by the end of the decade. • The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recently released predictions that autonomous cars will account for up to 75% of vehicles on the road by 2040. • IEEE went even further, forecasting how infrastructure, society and attitudes could change when self-driving cars become the norm around the middle of the century." Source: http://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/09/ieee-autonomous-2040/ (18 Sep 2012)

  11. USA Today: Cars that ‘Talk’ to Each Other – V2V • A pilot project at the U. of Michigan wraps up in August. • The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration plans to decide whether to take the first steps toward requiring cars to connect this way to improve safety and reduce congestion.” • Vehicle-to-vehicle communication, or V2V, is heading down a road many see leading to autonomous vehicles. • Its natural next step: Automakers are increasingly adding features that slow and even stop cars when sensors detect crashes are imminent. (1 July 2013) http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/07/01/connected-car-technology-dsrc-nhtsa-mandate/2439659/

  12. TESLA: Driving Innovation in Electric Cars • TESLA MOTORS was founded in 2003 in Silicon Valley, CA, and producing cars since 2008. • It has 2000+ employees and it sold cars in 37 countries. • Produces 500 electric vehicles a week (26,000 cars in 2013. • Predicted sales for 2014: 40,000 cars). • Supercharger stations provide half a charge in 20 minutes. Battery pack can be swapped in 90 seconds. • Received a $465 million loan from US Department of Energy’s Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Program. • Repaid the entire loan back to DOE in May 2013. Range: 400 km per change. Motor: A 360 hp. Fuel cost: $2.8 per 100 km (at $0.11/kWh). Accelerationfrom 0 to 100 km/h: 5.8 s. Price: $70,000 (in US). http://business.time.com/2013/08/08/tesla-shares-zoom-14-on-strong-sales-as-chinese-market-beckons/

  13. Boosting lithium-ion capacity 7X by adding cobalt • Researchers from the University of Tokyo have found a way to develop a lithium-based battery with 7 times the energy density of current lithium-ion batteries, according to Nikkei Technology. • It also has each of the major benefits — lower cost, greater capacity and increased safety. • The team have used a new material on the positive electrode in the battery, formed by adding cobalt to the lithium oxide crystal structure. This aids an oxidation-reduction reaction during which peroxides are produced, and electrical energy is generated. The researchers claim energy density of 2,570 Wh/kg. (The theoretical density of lithium-air technology is 3,460 Wh/kg.) But as a sealed design it’s more stable (and thus safer) than lithium-air. (27 July 2014) http://venturebeat.com/2014/07/27/good-news-for-electric-cars-new-battery-tech-uses-peroxide-to-boost-energy-density-by-7x/

  14. A High-Value Added Product: Satellites Satellite = Matter {copper, iron, plastic, ...}+Non-matter{imagination, innovation, knowledge, skills, ...} TURKSAT 4A and 4B Mitsubishi Electric, Japan 2013 and 2014 Total mass and price: 7700 kg $571 million Unit cost: $74,000/kg Raw materials: $10/kg? http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25229518/

  15. Inputs Of Engineering Goods Knowledge, imagination Row material Skill

  16. A Rough Measure of Knowledge Economy: Average price of exported goods, $/kg

  17. High-Value Added Technology Products Car:$20/kg Tablet:$500/kg Erythropoietin(A hormone that controls red cell production in blood; a biotechnology product used in the treatment of leukemia) $27 billion/kg Source: Prof. Cezmi Akdis, Director of Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF);

  18. KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY and KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

  19. KNOWLEDGE AGE • The age we live in is correctly called theknowledge age. • The measure of wealth in old ages was land and natural resources, and the road to more wealth was through the acquisition of more land. • Industrial revolutionchanged all this, and industrialization thatimparted many folds of added value has become the new measure of wealth. • Since 1950s, by turning to scientific research, knowledge generationhas moved to the fore front, and knowledge has become the most valuable commodity. • For this reason, those countries that realized that this age is the age of science and reason are striving to realize knowledge-based economy., • Those who control science and technology achieve wealth, power, and prestige. • The wealthiest nations are those that possess the most brain power rather than those that possess the most natural resources. • The most powerful firms are those that invest in R&D and develop new technology. Countries that read the values of time correctly do whatever is necessary to attract brain power.

  20. AGE OF INFORMATION and KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY AGRICULTURAL Society (... – 1712, Invention of Steam Engine, Newcomen) Occupations (farming, crafts) passed from father to son. • Speed of Change: Low • Required skills/competencies: Simple INDUSTRIAL Society(1712 – 1948, invention of transistor, Bell Labs) • Farming didn’t disappear; it mechanized. Mechanization became the measure of competitiveness in Ag. Working class; new vocations. • Speed of Change: Medium • Required skills/competencies: Mechanical (robotic) KNOWLEDGE Society(1948 – ...) • Industrialization continues, but is knowledge-based. Routine tasks are left to robots. Arena of competition: New knowledge and technology developed. • Speed of Change: High; Product life: Short; Life of occupation: Short • Required skills/competencies: Complex and variable

  21. Industrial Age:Drop in Employment Rate in Agriculture (USA) 1900: %35 2000: %2 • Tarım istihdamından eriyen alanlarda çalışan milyonlarca insan şimdi işsiz değil; farklı ancakdaha iyi maaşlı işlerde çalışmaya başladılar. • Sekreter ve daktilocuların sayısı azalsa da bilgisayar programcılarının ve web tasarımcılarının sayısı arttı. • ABD imalatındaki istihdam 1950'lerde %30'lardan bugün %10‘un altına indi. • Öte yandan hizmet sektörü istihdamı%50'lerin altından %70'e yükseldi. • 19. yüzyılda tekstil işçilerinin, işlerini elinden alan makinelerini parçalaması gibi, bilgisayarımızı parçalayarak bu sürecin önüne geçilemez.

  22. Information Age:Industrial Age Jobs go to Robots Uzmanlıkgerektirse bile ‘tekrar’adayalı ‘rutin’ işlerrobotlarabırakılıyor • Son 30 yılda da dijital devrim orta yetkinlik gerektiren birçok iş alanını yok etmiştir. • Daktilocular, bilet acenteleri, banka memurları ve birçok üretim hattı işçisi, sanayi devriminde dokumacı esnafları gibi yok olmaktadır.

  23. Survey by Oxford University (Economist):47% of Employment will be Automated in 20 years • Son yıllarda dijital girişimlerin artmasıyla, Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, Google gibi birçok hizmet sunan, öncesinde kimsenin bilmediği, şimdi ise kimsenin onsuz yapamadığı şirketler ortaya çıktı. • Popüler fotoğraf paylaşım sitesi Instagram, Facebook'a 1 milyar dolara satıldığında sadece 13 çalışanı vardı. • 2013’deiflas eden Kodakisebir zamanlar145,000kişi istihdam ediyordu. • Google bugün 46,000 kişi istihdam ediyor. • Makineler tarafından yerinden edilen işler,‘üretim bandı işçiliği’ ve‘muhasebeci’ gibirutin faaliyetler. • Kavramsal becerilerin önem arzettiği ve makinelerin yerini alamayacağı yeni iş alanları şimdiden filizlenmektedir. http://www.dunya.com/teknolojik-gelismeler-istihdamin-yuzde-47sini-otomatiklestirebilir-217590h.htm

  24. INFORMATION EXPLOSION Information doubles every 4 years • Accelerated increase in knowledge shortens the useful life of knowledge. Knowledge becomes outdated at increasing rate. • Knowledge took 1,750 years to double for the first time, counting from the start of the Christian era. • It then doubled in volume every 150 years and then every 50. • Every 4 years the amount of information in the world doubles. • By 2020 knowledge will double every 73 days. • We are only capable of giving attention to a small fraction of it. • The primary language of the new information in the world is English, which made English the non-formal language of the world. Knowing the ‘World Language’ has now become part of being a ‘World citizen’. • Source: UNESCO Forum Occasional Paper Series Paper No. 4 (2003).

  25. SHARE OF TECHNOLOGY GOODS IN WORLD TRADE TÜRKİYE: İmalatsanayiindeyüksekteknolojiürünpayı: 2000: %5; 2010: %2 Source: World Bank, 1999

  26. Difference Between Poverty and Wealth: KNOWLEDGE 6-fold difference in GNDP Source: World Bank

  27. An Indicator of Knowledge-Based Economy: Fraction of Intellectual Property: 80% http://www.oceantomo.com/media/newsreleases/Intangible-Asset-Market-Value-Study

  28. Cross-border Licensing and Royalty Income Billion USD Source: WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/freepublications/en/intproperty/944/wipo_pub_944_2011.pdf

  29. A Measure of Technological Advancement:PATENTS No. of patents granted by countries (2011) No. of domestic patents granted by Turkish Patent Institute in 2011: 847. No. given to foreign applicants in 2011: 5720 (%87) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_patents and Turkish Patent Institute

  30. Another measure: Sci&Eng ARTICLES Source: NSF (National Science Foundation),Science & Engineering Indicators – 2004

  31. INNOVATION

  32. Global R&D Spending http://www.rdmag.com/articles/2011/12/2012-global-r-d-funding-forecast-r-d-spending-growth-continues-while-globalization-accelerates

  33. Top R&D Spending Firms (2011) http://www.booz.com/media/uploads/BoozCo_The-2012-Global-Innovation-1000-Study.pdf

  34. Firms with Most US Patents in 2012 (Top 25) Source: http://ificlaims.com/index.php?page=misc_top_50_2012

  35. 30% of IBM Patents are from Inventors Abroad • IBM collected 6,478 patents in 2012 (the 20th consecutive year in top spot). 8,000 inventors in 46 states and 35 countries have contributed. • About 30% of IBM’s patents were produced by inventors outside the U.S., up from 22 percent in 2010. • With over 430,000 employees worldwide and over 67,000 patents since 1993, IBM invests about $6 billion/year (and 6% of revenues) in R&D. • IBM’s patent asset generates an estimated $1 billion/year in license revenue. But it also is a shield against patent litigation by competitors and patent-holding firms. • Samsung Electronics was granted 5,081 patents. Google posted a 170% jump from #65 in 2011 to #21 in 2012 in patents granted, with 1,151 patents. • In 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued a total of 253,155 patents, a record. • IBM patent strategy: the proliferation of “mixed-skill teams” of researchers in fields like medicine, public health, and oil and gas exploration. Source: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-10/ and http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/10/

  36. Apple Still Tops List of Most Innovative Companies • Ross Rubin: There are different kinds of innovation. “Apple’s innovation focuses on bringing together different parts of an ecosystem and tightly integrating them together with meticulous attention to detail.” • Samsung: Incorporate the latest technologies into its products. • Dell: Focus on relatively unglamorous innovation in process and manufacturing. • Google: Innovation in prototypes and concepts. • Charles Golvin: “A big distinction for Apple is the breadth of areas in which it innovates: hardware, industrial design, software, usability, retail.” Apple has come under criticism for its products being largely “evolutionary,” rather than “revolutionary”. Source: http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2012/11/apple-most-innovative/

  37. One Country vs. One Person in GDP Generation Syria (185,200 km2; 23 million people) GDP in 2010: $60 billion ($2800 per capita) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria Steve Jobs (1955-2011) (Son of a Syrian father + US mother) Apple:$109 billion revenue in 2011) Apple is the most valuable publicly traded firm in the world ($550 billion) Question: What if Steve Jobs were raised in Syria instead of the US?

  38. Stanford Univ Grads: World’s 10th Largest Economy (40,000 companies, $2.7 trillion annual sales) Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-09/stanford-rooted-companies-would-form-world-sized-economy.html

  39. What a Difference One Person Can Make:Moving Academic Discoveries into the Marketplace November 24, 2012 • Attracted $220 million investment from Polaris Venture Partners. • Developed products treat cancer, diabetes, heart disease and schizophrenia, among other diseases. • In Dr. Langer’s lab: 60 postdoctoral and graduate students at a time. Since 1980s, Dr. Robert Langer's ‘Langer Lab at MIT’: • 811 patents (to his name) • 25 companies • 250+ companies have licensed or sublicensed Langer Lab patents. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/business/mit-lab-hatches-ideas-and-companies-by-the-dozens.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

  40. Research Universities Can Serve As Economic Engines • Cornell University and the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology had secured the city's blessing – as well as a plot of land and $100 million for city infrastructure investments – to build a state-of-the-art applied sciences research campus" in the city. • "The competition helps cement the idea research universities have been pushing in recent years that they can serve as economic engines to local communities and the country as a whole, and could spawn a host of similar initiatives in other cities." (New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg) Source: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/12/20/cornell-and-technions-win-new-york-competition-reflects-desire-grow-urban-ties

  41. NY: Cornell and Technion's proposed $2-billion campus on Roosevelt Island Source: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/12/20/cornell-and-technions-win-new-york-competition-reflects-desire-grow-urban-ties

  42. UNIVERSITY-DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES (2010) Income for Licensing: • $2.4 billion (Total) • $180 million, Northwestern University • $178 million, New York University • $147 million, Colombia University • 12,281 New patent applications filed • 4469 New patents are issued • 613 new start-up companies formed on university-owned intellectual property. • 657 New commercial products created Source: http://www.autm.net/home.htm; Association of University Technology Managers

  43. ‘Good’ Universities Attract ‘Inovative’ Firms As its universities turn out quality engineering grads, POLAND attracts US tech giants • Polandhas continued to grow during the global financial crisis, lining itself up for a strong run to become the continent's next economic powerhouse. • General Electric: Based one of their global design centers here, where Polish engineers helped create the new GEnx engine for Boeing's 787 Dreamliner. • Foreign-based employers are happy with the quality of Polish graduates, who leave university with a strong base in math and basic programming. • Google, Motorola and IBM also opened development labs here. December 12, 2012 By Tom Marshall http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/12/15845485-as-its-universities-turn-out-engineering-grads-poland-attracts-us-tech-giants?lite

  44. EDUCATION as an EXPORT COMMODITY (USA) USA, 2012-2013 Academic year: 820,000 foreign college students, $24 billion/year • China, India and S. Korea account for nearly half of 820,000 foreign students in US. • University of Southern California, Purdue had over 9000 international students. • Americans studying abroad was 283,000 (nearly 60% of them studied in summer or < 8-weeks). The UK hosted the most with 34,660, followed by Italy, Spain and France. • China continues to send the most students to the USA, including 235,597 last year. Source: The Institute of International Education, 2012-13 data Veronica Bravo and Glen O'Neal, USA TODAY http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/11/11/international-students-and-study-abroad/3442733/

  45. China Establish College Campuses Overseas June 11, 2013 By Associated Press • China maintains a highly specialized approach to university studies that has its roots in the Soviet model, but many Chinese educators want to blend in more liberal education to encourage social morals, civic responsibility, innovation and critical thinking.” • Education officials in China are promoting the notion of the country’s universities expanding overseas, tapping new education markets while extending the influence of the rising economic power. • In addition to the emerging Laos campus, there are plans for what may become one of the world’s largest overseas branch campuses in Malaysia and an agreement by a Chinese university to explore a joint campus with a British university in London.

  46. Brazil: Sending 101,000 students to Study Abroad Source: http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/08/28/us-usa-brazil-education-idINBRE87R0ZX20120828

  47. Innovation in Software:"Facebook Class" Helped Pioneer Lean Start-Up Model • New York Times (May 7, 2011) reported on the "Facebook Class," a class of Stanford students in 2007 who were asked to design and market a Facebook app. • Some of the projects were wildly successful and "almost overnight, the Facebook Class fired up the careers and fortunes of more than two dozen students and teachers." • The class "also helped to pioneer a new model of entrepreneurship that has upturned the tech establishment: the lean start-up." • Students learned, among other things, to keep their ideas simple and expedient, while venture capitalists began designing funds designed for this low-cost approach. • Working in teams of three, the 75 students created apps that collectively had 16 million users in just 10 weeks. Many of those apps were sort of silly: Mr. De Lombaert’s, for example, allowed users to send “hotness” points to Facebook friends. Yet during the term, the apps, free for users, generated roughly $1 million in advertising revenue. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/technology/08class.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0

  48. Video Games for Education

  49. Cost of Traffic Congestion: $115 billion/year http://njtoday.net/2011/01/24/u-s-traffic-congestion-wasted-3-9-billion-gallons-of-fuel-in-2009/

  50. Imagination and Creative Thinking: Novels, Science-fiction, Screenplays, Scripts

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