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Chapter 12 Energy from Fossil Fuels

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Chapter 12 Energy from Fossil Fuels

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    1. Chapter 12 Energy from Fossil Fuels Environmental Science

    2. In The Past

    5. Disadvantages Electricity from Coal Burning Pollution from primary energy source of burning coal, especially CO2 global warming Coal contains sulfur, mercury and sometimes radioactive contaminants that when burned enter our atmosphere to make it to water ways, etc

    9. OPEC Members AFRICA: Algeria, Angola, Nigeria, Libya S. AMERICA: Ecuador, Venezuela MIDDLE EAST: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates

    10. US Oil Production and Consumption

    11. Economics of Energy Use

    12. Consumption, Domestic Production, and imports of Petroleum

    13. Hubbart Predictions U.S. Oil production would peak (1970s) Dependence on OPEC oil will increase Oil production will follow a bell-shaped curve

    14. Issues of Foreign Dependence? Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource

    15. What does a barrel really cost? $14 in initial costs + $80 for military support services = $94 per barrel of oil

    16. Other Fossil Fuels Natural Gas Cost subject to market fluctuation Currently have a 50 year supply Pipeline dangerous b/c kept at high pressure Used for heating/furnace Can run a modified car, liquified gas Made into synthetic oil

    17. Other Fossil Fuels Coal 56% of electricity 250 year supply Produce more coal than use Mining issues? Lots of waste (20,000 tons CO2, 800 tons SO2 Synfuels! (by-products are an issue)

    18. Other Fossil Fuels Oil Shales and Oil Sands Once heated, vapors condensed into something similar to crude oil Use/modification extremely impractical at the moment

    19. Issues of Using Fossil Fuels

    20. Cogeneration

    21. ANWR Read Ethics section on page 305-306 Ive assigned you a side Black: Pro drilling Red: Anti-drilling Research and have a debate/discussion on Monday

    22. Mining Techniques Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore (rock) body, mineral vein or coal seam Process: mining usually involves first removing overlying soil and rock (the overburden) and putting this into valleyfills or tailing piles Surface mining is more common (98% of metallic ores) includes: Open pit mining (big deep holes), Strip mining (removing surface layer), Mountain Top Removal (often used with coal deposits) Subsurface Mining including: drift mining (horizontal access tunnels), shaft mining (vertical) and slope mining In-situ leaching (uses acids to dissolve the minerals, usually U) Tailings are the excess waste rock, minerals and contaminants

    23. Mining Techniques Copper Ore is typically the mineral chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) or sometimes found in malachite mineral CuCO3Cu(OH)2 Average grade of 0.6% for Cu ore Extractive metallurgy Process: pulverize the ore, solubolize it with acids (leaching) or with smelting (heating and electrolysis), then isolate the Cu through redox chemical reactions

    24. Coal Mining Reclamation Surface mining is common proactive in Wyoming

    25. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act smackra SMCRA 1977, under President Carter, is primary federal law regulating env. impact of coal mining It requires Coal Companies to: set up bonds controlled by the government to pay for reclamation cost estimates Restore/reclaim land by recontouring/regrading land to original topography, adding topsoil and/or nutrients, replanting native vegetation (fast growing secondary successional species), monitoring for either 5 or 10 years after Possible remediations (or fines) for excessive sulfur (H2SO4 acid) tailings include: neutralize with alkaline/base substances like limestone (CaCO3), NaOH, NaHCO3, and ammonia NH3, cover tailings to reduce precipitation contact; bioremediation with sulfate-reducing bacteria; tailings ponds/retention basins to prevent airborne movement

    26. Injected solutions to dissolve minerals, then extraction and recrystalization

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