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Nine Instructional Strategies

Nine Instructional Strategies. Identifying Similarities and Differences Summarizing and Note Taking Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition Homework and Practice Nonlinguistic Representation Cooperative Learning Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback

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Nine Instructional Strategies

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  1. Nine Instructional Strategies

  2. Identifying Similarities and Differences • Summarizing and Note Taking • Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition • Homework and Practice • Nonlinguistic Representation • Cooperative Learning • Setting Objectives and Providing Feedback • Generating and Testing Hypotheses • Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers

  3. Mineral Hardness Scale • Talc • Gypsum • Calcite • Fluorite • Opalite • Feldspar • Quartz • Topaz • Corundum • Diamonds Allen, R. (2008)

  4. Mineral Scale StoryWritten by: Greg Hopkins, Dana Meinders, Paula Seal at Robinson Elementary in Aurora, Missouri • There once was a hillbilly named Min --- Earl Scale. Earl talced funny. He had a girlfriend who dressed like a gypsum. Every night they checked the cattle at the cal-cite. Then they would come sit on the flurite next to the dog, Opalite. Their favorite sport was to go out to the fields and spar (feldspar). The winner would get a Quartz of moonshine. Topaz the rest of the time, they corundumed up the mountain and back down again. After five trips up and down the mountain, they would die in mounds (diamonds).

  5. Rationale for Research on Instructional Strategies “The results of this study will document that the most important factor affecting student learning is the teacher. In addition, the results show wide variation in effectiveness among teachers. The immediate and clear implication of this finding is that seemingly more can be done to improve education by improving the effectiveness of teachers than by any other single factor.” (Wright et al., 1997)

  6. The Big Question: What do effective teachers do to be effective? • Sponsored by McREL • Meta-analysis • Looked at an effect size, translated into a percentile gain

  7. Caveats • Instructional strategies are tools only • No instructional strategy works equally well in all situations • Effective pedagogy requires classroom management and quality curriculum

  8. Questions • Are some instructional strategies more effective in certain subject areas? • Are some instructional strategies more effective at certain grade levels? • Are some instructional strategies more effective with students from different backgrounds?

  9. Identifying Similarities & Differences This strategy of comparing is one of the most commonly used in both instruction and assessment There are many methods: • Comparing • Classifying • Creating metaphors • Creating analogies

  10. Increase the effectiveness of this strategy by… • asking students to represent comparisons in graphic or symbolic form • presenting students with explicit guidance • asking students to independently identify similarities and differences

  11. This simple strategy can be used effectively---or less so Compare and contrast Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.

  12. Compare and contrast Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. • They both like to fish and neither one has a regular family. They are both “wild” but Huck is a little “wilder” than Tom. • They are both boys. They both lived in Hannibal. Tom has an aunt and Huck has a father.

  13. Here’s a better question: Compare and contrast how Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer deal with responsibility.

  14. Synthesize your learning… How is the strategy of identifying similarities and differences similar to using a hammer?

  15. Summarizing and Note Taking are related strategies • Student must analyze information and determine what is most important • Student must restate information in fewer words

  16. Note Taking It takes forever. Why should we ask students to take notes???

  17. Research tells us… • verbatim notes are least effective • notes are a “work in progress” • notes should be used as study guides • the more notes, the better

  18. There are many ways to take notes… Which would you need to see to have evidence that note-taking was being used effectively?

  19. Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition Research tells us not all students realize the importance of believing in effort.

  20. Reinforcing Effort and Providing Recognition Research also tells us reward/recognition is most effective when it is contingent on the attainment of some standard of performance.

  21. Homework and Practice Research findings on homework tell us parental involvement in homework should be kept to a minimum.

  22. Homework and Practice If homework is assigned, it should be commented on.

  23. Homework and Practice Mastering a skill requires a fair amount of focused practice.

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