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Independence Movements

Independence Movements. Study Overview. Countries/Topics to Know. Mexico Mexican American War Argentina Venezuela Dominican Republic & Haiti Peru Colombia Panama United States War of Independence War of 1812. …and What to Know About Them. Causes/Conditions  Ideologies

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Independence Movements

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  1. Independence Movements Study Overview

  2. Countries/Topics to Know • Mexico • Mexican American War • Argentina • Venezuela • Dominican Republic & Haiti • Peru • Colombia • Panama • United States • War of Independence • War of 1812

  3. …and What to Know About Them • Causes/Conditions  Ideologies • Social (treatment of indigenous people/ social classes) • Political • Economic • Timeline- events & time period • Important Leaders & Individuals- successes/failures • Characteristics- military, political changes, foreign intervention, etc. • Outcome & Impact • Be able to compare/contrast different countries

  4. Mexican Independence: Causes • Those with Spanish ancestry have the power (and money) • Natives are oppressed • No way to make something of yourself or rise in social standing • Religion and rules are imposed on the natives • Mexican people begin to desire autonomy

  5. Mexican Independence: Timeline & Leaders • September 16, 1810: Guanajuato Rebellion led by Miguel Hidalgo • Hidalgo killed in 1811, initial attempt fails • 1815: Rebellion resumes under Father Jose Maria Morelos • Promised land, decent wages, end to slavery, equality • Executed by the government later that year • Criollo elite begin to see the (mostly economic) benefits of seeking autonomy • 1820: Augustin de Iturbide elected to be the leader • 1821: Mexico gains independence • Iturbide names himself Emperor of Mexico • 1823: Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna takes over

  6. Mexican Independence: Characteristics • 1810: Mob mentality • Taking land from the Spanish/ Criollos, attack those who ran away • Initially unable to take over because the Spanish military was much stronger and more organized • 1815: Guerilla warfare • Couldn’t fight the large Spanish army conventionally • Once the elite no longer support them, Spain sees it as impractical to fight for Mexico anymore and independence is gained without a major rebellion.

  7. Mexican Independence: Aftermath • Difficulty with economic and political viability • Leads to instability • Borrow money from foreign investors, end up giving land to foreigners to pay off debts • Rapid changes in leaders/governments • Foreign Intervention is a significant factor following independence • Spain invades in 1829 • France invades in 1838 • Mexican American War

  8. Mexican American War • 1835: Texas Secedes, 1842: Becomes independent • Mexico had attempted to invade in ‘38 &’42 • Warns USA not to annex it after its independence • 1845: Congress/ Pres. James K. Polk annex Texas • John Slidell sent to negotiate/avoid war • Pres. Jose Herrera refuses • Three Pronged Attack- Military Successes • Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • US gains territory • Pays Mexico $15 Mil. • War lasts from 1846-1848 • US implications? (military, expansion)

  9. Mexican American War: Aftermath • Still instability • 1857: Mexican Constitution • Benito Juarez becomes president • Uses liberal measures to modernize the country • 1861: Joint Intervention Agreement • GB, France, and Spain all invade Mexico • Maximillian becomes Emperor • 1867: Deposed by use of guerillas

  10. Argentine Independence: Causes • Wars between Spain and GB weakens Spain • Argentina takes the opportunity • Social situation isn’t as bad, and they mainly just want economic independence • Strong economy • Beef • Rio de la Plata • Oppression/ Competition between leaders within the nation

  11. Argentine Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1810: Junta (emergency government) formed in Buenos Aires • Encouraged by Jose de San Martin • 1816: Declaration of Independence • War until 1818 • Good economic relationship with GB allows them to support Argentina during their fight for independence (foreign intervention)

  12. Argentine Independence: Aftermath • 1826: Juan Manuel Rosas gains power- not always ethical • Caudillos • Wars with other nations b/c of their economic power • 1837: Bolivia • 1842: Uruguay • Brazil • 1852: Rosas deposed, alliances among caudillos • 1853: Constitution created, civil war follows • 1862: Federal Republic of Argentina est. • Bartolome Mitre in power • Government is (relatively) stable

  13. Venezuelan Independence: Causes/ Timeline/ Leaders • Race wars • African and native Americans used as slaves in the Cacao industry • 1810: Slave Rebellions (Characteristics) • Simon Bolivar stresses importance of natives • 1821:Venezuela gains independence b/c Criollo elite begin to support it • Begins age of Caudillos

  14. Venezuelan Independence: Aftermath • Economy was not strong • 1850s: Increased foreign intervention • 1899: Cipriano Castrohires an army from Colombia and takes over Venezuela • Stable for about 50 years until the discovery of oil

  15. Dominican Republic & Haiti: Causes • 1697: Treaty of Ryswick: France controls Haiti • 1795: Treaty of Basel: France controls D.R. • France establishes sugar empire • Very large numbers of African slaves • Terrible Conditions

  16. D.R. &Haiti: Timeline & Leaders • 1804: Both gain independence • Led by Francois Toussaint L’Ouverture • Turns rebellion into independence movement • 1822: Haiti is controlling almost all of Hispaniola • 1844: Elite Dominicans declare independence • 1861: Haiti is very close to gaining it back • D.R. allows Spain to annex it because they REALLY don’t want Haiti in control (Foreign Intervention) • 1865: D.R. wins second war for independence • Led by Gregorio Luperon

  17. D.R. & Haiti: Characteristics & Aftermath • Scorched Earth Policy • Burn all the sugar. No more sugar=No more France • Began with very little, now there’s even less • Haiti needs to control D.R. so they can have the resources and revenue & to pay off debts • Very poor and unstable

  18. Peruvian Independence: Causes • Natives used as slaves in mining, agriculture, llamas • Death from disease, mining accidents • 1730-1814: LOTS of slave rebellions

  19. Peruvian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1742: Tupac Amaru II questions Spain, chastises treatment of non-elite • 1780: Large army, uprising spreading • Amaru is killed but becomes a martyr • Spanish grip is fading • 1814-15: San Martin & Bolivar support (foreign intervention) • 1821: San Martin captures Lima • Forces elite into Andes • Declaration of Independence • 1824: Bolivar leads army into Andes • Finishes remaining loyalists & colonialism in S.A.

  20. Peruvian Independence: Characteristics & Aftermath • Initially rebellions • Once San Martin and Bolivar get involved it becomes more war like with more traditional tactics • Very politically unstable afterward • 34 presidents in 40 years, mostly military • Economic viability comes with discovery of Guano (bat poo) as fertilizer • Guano dries up, Peru continues to struggle

  21. Colombian Independence: Causes • Heavy importation of slaves for large estates • Relatively good relations/ loyalty • Elites unhappy because of taxation without representation, i.e. economic causes • Slaves side with them b/c they are loyal

  22. Colombian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1780: Comunero Revolt • Elites want representation/no taxes • 1810: GB and US help them fight war for independence • 1819: Battle of Boyaca (Bolivar participates) • Colombia gains Independence • Gen. Francisco de Paula Santander • Leader during revolution • President in 1832 • Democratic govt., why US wants to help (outcomes)

  23. Colombian Independence: Characteristics & Intervention • US and GB intervene to add military support • Bolivar and Santander participation also means good organization

  24. Panamanian Independence: Causes • Controlled by Colombia • Popular b/c it was so narrow, ability to get to West coast • Permission to build the canal is the main reason they become independent

  25. Panamanian Independence: Timeline & Leaders • 1830: Fight Colombia • US supports Colombia • 1855: Trans-Panamanian railway • Not efficient enough • 1880s: Ferdinand de Lesseps engineers canal, project abandoned • 1885: Panama rebels again, Colombia and US crush • 1903:Teddy Roosevelt asks to build canal, Colombia says no • Phillipe Bunau-Varilla convinces congress to build the canal in Panama, supports separation from Colombia • US supports revolt, Panama gains independence

  26. Panamanian Independence: Intervention & Aftermath • Excellent example of foreign intervention • Gained independence because US wanted them to • Canal built 1907-1914

  27. United States: Causes • King George III: Heavy taxation of colonists • Defending more land ( conflict w/ Native Americans) • War debt from 7 Years War • Smuggling • 1763: PM George Grenville- Dislikes American colonists • 1763: Orders of Council • Proclamation of 1763 • Revenue Act of 1764 (Sugar Act) • Currency Act of 1764 • 1765: Stamp Act • England ignores all complaints • Taxation w/o representation

  28. United States: TimelinePre-Revolution • Summer 1765: Protesting, effigy of Peter Oliver • He resigns: success=more support • 1767: Stamp Act repealed • Townshend Acts instead  more protests • Military sent to America  Boston Massacre • 1773: Tea Crisis- Parliament raises tea tax b/c no one is buying it  Boston Tea Party • 1774: Coercive Acts (5 Parts) • American response is 1st Continental Congress (Phil.) • Petition, agree to meet in 1775 if King doesn’t respond • 1775: Decide to write Declaration of Independence • 1776: Declaration of Independence signed

  29. United States Timeline: Revolutionary War • 1775: Battles of Lexington and Concord • 1777: Battle of Saratoga- First victory for patriots • Battle that convinces France to enter the war • 1778: Treaty of Amity and Commerce • 1778: First Naval conflict • 1781: Battle of Yorktown • Washington pushes British to coast where Rochambeau meets with his fleet, British surrender • 1783: Treaty of Paris • Colonies recognized as independent

  30. United States: Leaders • Samuel Adams, Loyal 9, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Payne, John Locke • Thomas Hutchinson, Francis Bernard, Peter & Andrew Oliver, Marquis of Rockingham • Gen. George Washington, Gen. Rochambeau, James Madison • Gen. Cornwallis, Benedict Arnold

  31. United States: Aftermath • 1781: Articles of Confederation ratified • Ended quickly because it had no power • 1789: Constitution comes into affect (Madison) • War of 1812- England is mad about losing colonies • Era of Good Feeling- sense of accomplishment, strong for expansion, etc. • 1823: MONROE DOCTRINE • European countries can’t intervene in the Americas • Would be seen as an act of aggression requiring US intervention • US also couldn’t intervene in European colonies or issues • GB liked it because it would keep other nations from colonizing there and interfering with their trade.

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