ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTebi

1. ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTebi leqcia # 15 gamoyenebiTi versia

2. 1. mimoxilva • ormagi daniSnulebis mniSvneloba dRes • slaidebi 1-7 • ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis tipiuri magaliTebi • slaidebi 8-11 • finkis angariSi • slaidebi 12-20 • NSABB 2007 wlis kontrolis saproeqto winadadebebi • slaidebi 21-22 • 2008 wlis israelis angariSi • slaidi 23 • merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontrolis Sesaxeb” • slaidebi 24-26 • ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis axali koncefcia • slaidebi 27-30

3. 2. ormagi daniSnulebis mniSvneloba dRes terminma “ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebi,” romelic upirvelesad miesadageba teqnologiebs, romelTa gamoyeneba SeiZleba rogorc samxedro, aseve ,mdgradi komerciuli gamoyenebisaTvis, meore mniSvneloba seiZina yaraRis Seqmnis konteqstSi: saSualebebi, unarebi, aRWurviloba da codna, romlebsac legaluri kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, SeiZleba boroti miznebisaTvisac iqnas gamoyenebuli. biologiaSi, qimiasa da sainformacio mecnierebebSi swrafi winsvlis pirobebSi 2020 wlisaTvis amgvari ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebi kidev ufro didi raodenobiR Seiqmneba, am terminis orive mniSvnelobiT. juli fiSeri, ufrosi pedagogi The Henry L. Stimson Center

4. 3. mecnieris Rirseba da damangrevlis uRirsoba haeris dabinZureba da ozonis Sris dazianeba （Oct 5, 2008 Yomiuri Newspaper) vis SearCevdiT konteqstSi “mecnieri, romelic dedamiwas yvelaze metad angrevs”? amerikeli mecnieri jeims konanti(1893 - 1978) • I msoflio omSi momwamvleli gazis Seqmna wamoiwyo • ormoci wlis asakSi harvardis universitetis progesori gaxda • erovnuli tavdacviTi mecnierebebis sabWos Tavmjdomare: xels uwyobda atomuri bombis Seqmnas amerikeli mecnieri Tomas midgli (1889 - 1944) • gamoigona manqanis sawvavad tyviaSemcveli benzinis gamoyeneba • warmatebiT moaxdina diqlorodifltoromeTanis : macivrebisa da kondicionerebis gamagrileblis, eleqtronikis gamwmendis, aerozolebis gazis sinTezi • gamomgonebeli keTili zraxvebiT SeiZleba yvelaze didi damangreveli gaxdes. • ramdenad aris mecnieri pasuxismgebeli Tavisi gamogonebis an miRwevis Sedegebze?

5. ormagi daniSnulebis dilema 4. problemis amosavali wertili kargi kvleviTi proeqtebi, SesaniSnavi Sedegebi magram … Cven ver gamovricxavT mtruli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas

6. 5. ratom unda esmodeT mecnierebs ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxi? • mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganvitareba, gansakuTrebiT sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi, rogorebicaa bioteqnologia da rekombinantuli dnm-is teqnologiebi, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli “axali Taobis” biologiuri iaraRis SemuSavebasTan. • keTili miznebiT da samoqalaqo kvlevebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara mxolod samxedro miznebiT, aramed ganzraxulad, da es seiZleba mecnieris mosazrebisagan damoukideblad moxdes. （ ormagi daniSnulebis dilema • amJamad, maRalsiCqariani internetis xanaSi, nebiemierma seiZleba moipovos samecniero da teqnologiuri informacia Zalian martivad. swored amitom mecnierebi pasuxismgeblobiT unda moekidon im informacias, romelsac isini gascemen, agreTve maT unda gaiTvalisewinon ormagi daniSnulebis SesaZlebloba. • rac Seexeba kvlevis sedegebisa da axali aRmoCenebis gamoqveynebas, daculi unda iyos mecnierebis Tavisufleba da nebayoflobiTi saqmianoba. mTavroba an sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi ar arian am sakiTxis erTaderTi gadamWrelebi. amitomac mecnierebma Tavad unda gadaWran ormagi daniSnulebis dilema. • swored amitom biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvenciaSi ar aris mocemuli Sesabamisobis damtkicebis sando struqtura an meTodi. es aris konvenciis yvelaze didi problema da amavdroulad sasicocxlo mecnierebma SeiZleba am sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi Tavisi wvlili seitanon. • Tu sasicocxlo mecnierebs ainteresebT ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebi da masTan dakavSirebul struqturebSi monawileoba, es didad daexmareba am sakiTxis yovelmxriv gadaWras.

7. 6. sasicocxlo mecnierebebis kvlevebSi saWiroa biologiuri dacvis codna Biosecurity • im mikrobebis unebarTvod an riskianad gamoyeneba, romlebis meSveobiT SeiZleba biologiuri an toqsiuri iaraRis Seqmna. • aRmkveTi zomebis amis Tavidan asacileblad. droa miviRoT axali zomebi mecnierebaSi ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad. • dRevandeli miznebi： • biologiuri dacvis gaZliereba • “ormagi danisnulebis” mniSvnelobis aRiareba

8. . 7. ormagi daniSnuleba problemas namdvilad warmoadgens • gaerTianebuli samefos detaluri samecniero da teqnologiuri mimoxilva moicavs 23 calkeul sakiTxs (biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvencia; mexute gadasasinji konferencia, 2001-2002） • genomiqsi da proteomiqsi • bioinformatika • adamianis genomis proeqti da humanuri mravalferovneba • genuri Terapia • virulentoba da paTogenoba • vaqcinebi da axali terapia • rekombinantuli cilebis eqspresia • toqsinebi da sxva bioaqtiuri molekulebi • deteqciisa da identifikaciis teqnologiebi • adamianis infeqciuri daavadebebis xasiaTi • yvavilis ganadgureba • rezistentoba • daavadebebi soflis meurneobaSi • mavneblebis kontroli soflis meurneobaSi • daavabebRan brZolis globaluri iniciativa • molekuluri biologiis gamoyeneba da natesebi • mimarTulebebi cilebis warmoebis teqnologiebSi • saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da biousafrTxoeba: saqmianoba biomravalgerovnebis konvenciis farglebSi • agentebisa da toqsinebis gadatanis saSualebebi • sarevelebis kontrolisaTvis paTogenebis gamoyeneba da “kriminaluri” naTesebi • biokoreqtireba: masalis ganadgureba • bi terorizmis saSiSroebis semcireba • qik ZalaSi Sesvlis zegavlena gamoyenebadia daavadebebisa da bi winaaRmdeg mravali ganixileba, rogorc problematuri

9. 8. sasicocxlo mecnirebebis kvlevebSi ormagi daniSnulebis problema -biomecnierebebis borotad gamoyenebis sakiTxebi ormagi daniSnulebebis kvlevebis magaliTebi(statiebi rux zonaSi) (1) jilexis vaqcinis genetikuri manipulaciebi Pomerantsev, A.P., Staritsin, N.A., Mockov Yu, V. and Marinin, L.I. (1997) cereolizinis AB genebis eqspresia Bacillus anthracis savaqcine StamSi uqrunvelyofs jilexis eqsperimentuli hemolitikuri infeqciisagan dacvas. Vaccine, 15, 1846-1850. statia TiTqosda iZleva“jilexis vaqcinis gaumjobesebas” magram … sinamdvileSu jilexis vaqcinas umatebdnen toqsinis gens (2) b-endorfinis produqcia Francisella tularensis - Si Borzenkov, V.M., Pomerantsev, A.P. and Ashmarin, I.P. (1993) [in vivo regulatoruli peptidebis damatebiTi sinTezi : Francisella tularensis savaqcine Stamis gamoyeneba, romelic beta endorfins gamoimuSavebs]. Biull Eksp Biol Med, 116, 151-153. biologiuri agentis da bioregulatoris kombinacia axali biologiuri iaraRis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba?

10. 9. ormagi daniSnulebebis kvlevebis tipiuri magaliTi

11. Tagvis genetikurad Seqmnili virusi meqanizmis analizi • U\nexpected toxicity • Inefficacy of present vaccine programme Tuki msgavsi teqnika iqneba gamoyenebuli, Seuwyobs es xels msgavsi biologiuri iaraRis Seqmnas? Human smallpox virus ormagi daniSnulebis kvleva? 10. genetikurad Seqmnili axali virusi avlens moulodnelad Zlier virulentobas da klavs Tagvebs • Tavidan virusi sxva mizniiT Seiqmna • (TagvebisaTvis kontracefciuli vaqcina) • vaqcina Seiqmna zona pellucida glikoproteini 3-is antisxeulebis mosamateblad, xolo Tagvis yvavilis virusi mxolod mis gadasatanad iqna gamoyenebuli. ixileT leqcia 13: ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTi 1: Tagvis yvavili

12. 11. am statiis problema ormagi daniSnulebis kuTxiT • am kvlevis mizani iyo eqtromeliis virusSi IL-4 genis CarTviT antisxeulebis produqciis gaumjobeseba, magram rekombinanturma virusma ujreduli imuniteti Zalian daTrguna. (mkvlevarebisaTvis moulodneli produqti) • avtorebma aCvenes axali paTogenuri virusis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba im genze zemoqmedebiT, romelic pirdapir erTveba imunur pasuxSi. (axali paTogenuri virusis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba msgavsi koncefciis gamoyenebiT) • recombinantulma virusma gamoavlina Zlieri imunosupresiuli efeqti maspinZlis mimarT, romelsac ukve hqonda SeZenili imuniteti virusis igive Stamis mimarT. (gafrTxileba vaqcinebis programisaTvis) • kvlevebs kibosa da sxva daavadebebis qinaaRmdeg axali vaqcinebis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moulodneli Sedegebi mofyves, magalitad, seiqmnas momakvdinebeli virusebi. (SeiZleba analogiurma kvlevebma zianis momtani virusebi Seqmnas?) • kvlevis angarisebi Tavisuflad gamoqveyndeba samedicino JurnalebSi da maTi wakiTxva nebismiers SeuZ|lia. (informaciis advilad miwodeba) • genebze ubralo manipulaciebma SeiZleba migviyvanos axali virusebis warmoqmnadme. (ar aris saWiro maRali teqnologiebi da specialuri codna)

13. 12. finkis angariSi

14. 13. finkis angariSi • komitetis 2004 wlis angariSs, “bioteqnologiuri kvleva terorizmis xanaSi”, Cveulebriv moixsenieben, rogorc finkis angariSs. • finkis angariSi Seicavs Svid rekomendacias, romlebic uzrunvelyofs pasuxismgeblobiT aRsacse zedamxedvelobas bioteroristuli gamoyenebis potencialis mqone bioteqnologiur kvlevebze. • am rekomendaciebidan erT-erTi iyo biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa sabWos Seqmna adamianisa da humanuri resursebis saministros farglebSi, raTa maT gaewiaT problemuri eqsperimentebis irgvliv mrCevluri, warmmarTavi da kontrolis funqciebi.

15. 14. problemuri eqsperimentebi (Svidi kategoria) －Fink Report (NAS 2004)－ “Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism”, http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10827.html 1. aCvenebs, rogorgaxadosvaqcinaaraefeqturi esexebarogorcadamianis, asevecxovelTavaqcinebs. 2. iwvevsrezistwntobasTerapiuladgamoyenebadiantibiotikebis an antivirusuliagentebismimarT esexebaTerapiulagentebs, romlebicgamoiyenebadaavadebebisagentebiskontrolisaTvisadamianebSi, cxovelebsadanaTesebSi. am klassganekuTvnebaciprofloqsacinismimarTrezistentobisgamowvevaBacillus anthracis –Si. 3. aZlierebspaTogenisvirulentobas an arapaTogenursvirulenturadgardaqmnis. esexebaadamianis, cxovelebisadanaTesebispaTogenebs. am klassganekuTvnebacereolizinistoqsinisgenisSetanaBacillus anthracis –Si. 4. gaaZlierebspaTogenisgadacemisunars esexebatransmisiisgaZlierebasrogorcsaxeobisSigniT, isesaxeobebsSoris. am klassganekuTvnebadaavadebebisgadacemisaTvisveqtorismgrZnobelobisSecvla. 5. SecvlispaTogenismaspinZlebiswres esexebaarazoonozebiszoonozebadgadaqcevas. am klassganekuTvnebavirusebistropizmisSecvla. 6.. amcirebsdiagnostikis/deteqciismgrZnobelobas esexebaantisxeulebzedamyarebulideteqciisasacilebladmikrokapsulebSimotavsebasda/an genurisekvensisSecvlasmolekulurimeTodebiTdeteqciisTavidanasacileblad. 7. biologiuri an toqsiuriagentisiaraRadgadakeTebissaSualebasmogvcems esexebapaTogenisgaremoSistabilizacias.

16. 15. aq mniSvnelovania… • davrwmundeT, rom kvleva ar izRudeba • ecnobos samecniero sabWos • gaZlierdes eqsperimentebis ganxilvis sistema • daceyrdnoT TviTmmarTvelobas publikaciebis ganxilvaSi • Seiqmnas biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa sabWos Seqmna • gaZlierdes kavSiri usafrTxoebis, samarTaldamcvelTa, da sasicocxlo mecnierebebis organizaciebs Soris • gadasinjul iqnas fizikuri izolacia da personalis sakiTxebi • saerTaSoriso zedamxedvelobis koordinacia

17. 16. biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa sabWo (NSABB)

18. 17. NSABB wevrebi

19. 18. NSABB saqmianoba (1) rekomendaciebi: • kriteriumebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis gamosavlenad • erovnuli gaudlainebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis kontrolisaTvis rogorc adgilobriv (mag., instituciuri biousafrTxoebis komitetebi), aseve federalur doneebze • 　　－Ladgilobrivi ganxilvisa da damtkicebis procesebi • 　　－NSABB – saTvis wardgenis kriteriumebi/procesebi • axali klasis eqsperimentebisa da teqnologiebis kontrolis strategiebi

20. 19. NSABB saqmianoba (2) • rCevebi: • programa biologiur dacvaSi ganaTlebisa da treiningisaTvis yvela mecnierisa da laboratoriuli muSakisaTvis federalur dafinansebaze myod dawesebulebebSi • qcevis kodeqsi mecnierebisa da laboratoriuli muSakisaTvis sasicocxlo mecnierebebis kvlevebSi • erovnuligaidlainebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis Sedegebis Setyobinebisa da gavrcelebis Sesaxeb • ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebze koordinirebuli saerTaSoriso kontrolis strategiebi

21. 20. ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mqone kvlevebis Sedegebis riskisa da sargeblis Sefasebis dros gasaTvaliswinebeli sakiTxebi

22. 21. NSABB kontroli proeqtebi (1) mniSvnelovani nabijebi sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mqone kvlevebze adgilobrivi kontrolis saqmeSi Work conducted in accordance with risk management Dual-use research of concern identified No dual use potential identified

23. 22. NSABB kontroli proeqtebi (2) Examples of points of communication of dual use research during the research process ＊CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects)

24. 23. 2008 wlis israelia angariSi sasicocxlo mecnierebis savaldebulo swavleba ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebze • israelis mTavrobam bolo dros miiRo kanoni sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romelmac savaldebulo treiningebze moTxovnileba gaaZliera. (kanoni daavadebebis biologiuri agentebis kvlevebis regulirebis Sesaxeb, 2008, israeli.) • CCarlz sturtis universitetma da avstraliis erovnulma universitetma miiRes kanoni, romelmac savaldebulo treiningebze moTxovnileba gaaZliera. • ufro mogvianebiT masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebisa da terorizmis prevenciis komisiis (mgi komisiis) angariSSi, romlis saxelwodebaa “samyaro riskis qveS”, aris mowodeba sasicocxlo mecnierTaTvis ormagi daniSnulebis savaldebulo treiningebisadmize kvlevebis Sesaxeb. komisiis angariSi mgi gavrcelebisa da terorizmis Sesaxeb “samyaro riskis qveS”gamovida 2008 wlis dekemberSi israelis sistema albaT saukeTesoa patara qveynebs Soris

25. 24. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli” • saSiSi paTogenebis kontrolis proeqti merilendis saerTaSoriso da usafrTxoebis kvlevebis centrSi (Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland - CISSM) • navaraudebia biousafrTxoebis sistemebis saerTaSorisokontroli

26. 25. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli” ori ZiriTadi SekiTxva • ra tipis ormagi daniSnulebis bioteqnologiuri kvleva atarebs udides potenciur safrTxes? • Hrogor SegviZlia vmarToT amgvari kvlevis riskebi ise, rom xeli ar SeviSaloT samecniero progress? ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebze informirebulobis donis amaRleba da miviRoT ukukavSiri mis Sesaxeb regionuli samuSao sexvedrebis meSveobiT

27. 26. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli” ori ZiriTadi elementi 1. saTanado presonalisa da kvleviTi dawesebulebebis erovnuli licenzireba • teqnikurad kvalificirebuli • Hgavlili aqvT treiningebi biologiur dacvaSi • wina istoriaSi araferi aqvT 2. saTanado kvleviTi saqmianobis damoukidebeli ganxilva Tanasworebis mier mis dawyebamde • mebismier individs, romelic dainteresebulia awarmoos kontrolis sistemaSi moqceuli kvlevebi, moeTxoveba warudginos savaraudo proeqti damoukidebel makontrolebel organos ganxilvisa da damtkicebisaTvis • unda Tanxvdebodes aSS mecnierebaTa akademiis saeqsperto jgufis (finkis komitetis) rekomendaciebs

28. 27. bolo dros gamoqveynebuli statiebi tipiuri ormagi daniSnulebis sasicocxlo kvlevebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi jilexis genomis Sesaxeb (Read et al., 2003) kvlevebi SARS-is genomis Sesaxeb (Marra et al., 2003) 1918 wlis tipis gripis virusis hemaglutininis kristalis analizi (Gamblin et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2004) jilexis toqsinis analizi (Santelli et al., 2004) genis sinTezi, sinTeturi biologia (Ball, 2004; Breaker, 2004) 1918 wlis gripis virusebis aRdgena (Taubenberger et al., 2005; Tumpey et al., 2005) botulizmis toqsini sakvebSi (Wein and Liu, 2005) listeria genetikuri cvlilebebi, maspinZlebis wris cvlileba (Wollert et al., 2007) • gamoqveynebulia iseT popularul JurnalebSi, rogorebicaa • Nature, Science, Cell, PNAS, da sxv. • kvlevis zogierTi sfero cdeba finkis angariSis kategoriebs

29. 28. ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis aRmocenebadi koncefciebi Seven categories of Fink and more

30. 29. sasicocxlo mecnierebis ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba problemur ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebSi pirebs, romlebicCarTulebiariansasicocxlomecnierebiskvlevebSinebismieretapze, ekisrebaTeTikuripasuxismgeblobaTavidanaicilon an minimumamdedaiyvanonriskebidaziani, romlebicSeiZlebakvlevisSedegebismtrulimiznebiTgamoyenebasmohyves. • amitomac, mecnierebma unda: • seafason Tavisi kvleviTi saqmianoba ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mxriv da angariSi waradginon saWiroebis mixedviT; • Cautaron treiningi sxvebs problemuri kvlevebis ormagi daniSnulebis gamosavlenad, sworad warmarTon , da gaacnon pasuxismgeblobebi; • Tavad aCvenon pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse qcevis magaliTi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac CarTuli arian iseT kvlevebSi, romlebic ormagi daniSnulebis problemuri kvlevebis kriteriumebs akmayofilebs; da • Bmzad iyvnen kvlevis potenciurad borotad gamoyenebisaTvis.

31. 30. biologiur mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis dilemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miReba variantebi gadawyvetilebebi varianti1 varianti2 varianti 3 varianti 4 varianti 5 individualuri mecnieris sruli avtonomia inctituciuri kontroli instituciuri da samtavrobo kontroli damoukidebeli avtoriteti samTavrobo kontroli vin arian gadawyvetilebis mimRebni daSvebuli/dauSvebeli kvlevebis Sesaxeb? individualuri mecnieri • mecnierebi universitetSi (kolegialurad) • korporacia • samTavrobo kvleviTi centri • mecnierebi universitetSi (kolegialurad) • korporacia • samTavrobo kvleviTi centri damoukidebeli avtoriteti mTavroba savaldebulo fizikuri usafrTxoebisa da dacvis regulaciebi ara diax diax diax diax savaldebuloa ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebis licenzireba? ara ara diax diax diax savaldebuloa ganaTleba/treiningebi? ara ara diax diax diax savaldebuloa personalis usafrTxoebis regulaciebi ara ara diax diax diax gadawyvetilebis mimRebni cenzurisa da masalis gavrcelebis sakiTxebSi? calkeuli redaqtori • calkeuli redaqtori • korporacia • samTavrobo kvleviTi centri • calkeuli redaqtori • korporacia • samTavrobo kvleviTi centri damoukidebeli avtoriteti mTavroba profesor seumas roderik makdonald mileri, filosofiis profesori (Carlz sturtis universiteti da avstraliis erovnuli universiteti) NB: gadawyvetilebis mireba exeba mxolod ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevas biologiur mecnierebebSi, romlebic gadawyda, rom potenciurad problematuria.