Step Up To: Discovering Psychology by John J. Schulte, Psy.D .

1. Step Up To: Discovering Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D. From: Hockenbury & Hockenbury Discovering Psychology 4e Worth Publishers (2007)

2. Chapter 4: Consciousness and Its Variations You’re So Dreamy Watch the Watch Sleep Tight Tick Tock Psychedelic!

3. Tick-Tock 500 400 300 200 100

4. Sleep Tight 500 400 300 200 100

5. You’re So Dreamy! 500 400 300 200 100

6. Watch the Watch 500 400 300 200 100

7. Psychedelic! 500 400 300 200 100

8. 1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: • A) daily regimens. • B) lunar cycles. • C) sleep-wake cycles. • D) circadian rhythms.

9. 2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. • A) Serotonin • B) Melatonin • C) L-tryptophan • D) Dopamine

10. 3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland. • A) parietal lobe • B) optic chiasm • C) suprachiasmatic nucleus • D) amygdala

11. Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called: • A) free-running conditions. • B) sleep chambers. • C) circadian neutralizers. • D) dream catchers.

12. 5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is: • A) increased sleepiness. • B) insomnia. • C) a 25-hour cycle. • D) no change at all; the body maintains its normal rhythm.

13. 6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. • A) NREM • B) REM • C) REO • D) DEEP

14. 7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because: • A) dreams can be good or bad. • B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. • C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. • D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active.

15. 8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___. • A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 • B) dream spikes; REM sleep • C) sleep spindles; REM sleep • D) delta waves; Stage 4

16. 9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience___ the first time they are allowed to sleep uninterrupted. • A) insomnia • B) hallucinations • C) REM rebound • D) sleep apnea

17. 10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: • A) parasomnia. • B) sleep apnea. • C) cataplexy. • D) night terrors.

18. 11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated. • A) frontal lobes; limbic system • B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. • C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. • D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland

19. 12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5: • A) don’t dream. • B) dream just as we do. • C) dream but not as vivid. • D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch.

20. 13. According to Freud, dreams have two components: the actual dream and the ____. • A) analytic interpretation • B) latent content • C) metaphorical meaning • D) symbolic representation

21. 14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is: • A) the latent content model. • B) the activation-synthesis model. • C) the base-interpretive model. • D) the bottom-up, top-down model.

22. 15. Researchers have found that when people dream: • A) most dreams are in color. • B) most dreams are in black-and-white. • C) they can sometimes predict the future. • D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling.

23. 16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis: • A) have a weak will. • B) are less intelligent than average. • C) like reading fiction. • D) are usually not children.

24. 17. When hypnosis influences behavior after the hypnotic state, the subject was given: • A) posthypnotic amnesia. • B) a hypnotic command. • C) a command suggestion. • D) a posthypnotic suggestion.

25. 18. Police Chief Jeffries is considering using a hypnotist on an eye-witness to help recall the events of a crime. The chief needs to know that: • A) hypnosis can help if the hypnotist is highly qualified. • B) there is an increased risk of false memories with hypnosis. • C) hypnosis can result in more forgetting. • D) hypnosis can only help if used along with a polygraph.

26. 19. Two general types of meditation involve: • A) chanting and movement techniques. • B) Buddhist and Chinese techniques. • C) group and individual techniques. • D) concentration and opening-up techniques.

27. 20. According to Ernest Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis: • A) becoming hypnotized depends on the willingness of the subject. • B) the subject’s consciousness is split and includes a hidden observer. • C) everyone can become hypnotized if the hypnotist is trained. • D) it is just another form of concentration.

28. 21. Two factors involved in determining physical dependence are: • A) tolerance and withdrawal. • B) drug type and amount. • C) quantity and frequency. • D) psychoactivity and abuse.

29. 22. Often withdrawal symptoms are opposite to the drug’s action, and are called: • A) paradoxical symptoms. • B) DT’s. • C) drug rebound. • D) addiction overload.

30. 23. Addictive drugs have two things in common: they activate the brain’s reward system and increase ____. • A) brain activity. • B) norepinephrine. • C) dopamine. • D) heart rate and respiration.

31. 24: Prolonged use of cocaine can result in auditory hallucinations of voices and bizarre and paranoid ideas, a condition called: • A) paranoid schizophrenia. • B) cocaine rebound. • C) flashbacks. • D) amphetamine psychosis.

32. 25. The most widely used psychoactive drug in the world is: • A) nicotine. • B) caffeine. • C) alcohol. • D) marijuana.

33. Congratulations!

34. Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

35. 1. Biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours are called: • A) daily regimens. • B) lunar cycles. • C) sleep-wake cycles. • D) circadian rhythms. 130

36. 2. __ is a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness. • A) Serotonin • B) Melatonin • C) L-tryptophan • D) Dopamine 131

37. 3. Circadian rhythms are controlled by light stimulating the retina, relaying impulses to the ____, which activates the pineal gland. • A) parietal lobe • B) optic chiasm • C) suprachiasmatic nucleus • D) amygdala 131

38. Researchers studying circadian rhythms may use underground isolation units. These are called: • A) free-running conditions. • B) sleep chambers. • C) circadian neutralizers. • D) dream catchers. 131

39. 5. The result of a free-running condition on circadian rhythms is: • A) increased sleepiness. • B) insomnia. • C) a 25-hour cycle. • D) no change at all, the body maintains its normal rhythm. 132

40. 6. Sleep researchers distinguish between two basic types of sleep. ___ sleep is associated with dreaming. • A) NREM • B) REM • C) REO • D) DEEP 133

41. 7. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because: • A) dreams can be good or bad. • B) dreamers often wake up while dreaming. • C) sleepwalking may occur while the sleeper is dreaming. • D) muscle activity is suppressed but the brain is very active. 136

42. 8. Brief bursts of brain activity that last a second or two during sleep are called ____ and occur in ___. • A) sleep spindles; Stage 2 • B) dream spikes; REM sleep • C) sleep spindles; REM sleep • D) delta waves; Stage 4 135

43. 9. If not allowed to dream for several nights, sleepers experience ____ the first time they are allowed to sleep interrupted. • A) insomnia • B) hallucinations • C) REM rebound • D) sleep apnea 138

44. 10. Jen has a narcolepsy. She experiences a sudden loss of muscle strength and control, resulting in collapsing when excited. This symptom is called: • A) parasomnia. • B) sleep apnea. • C) cataplexy. • D) night terrors. 142

45. 11. During REM dreaming, the sleeper’s ____ are inactive and the ___ is activated. • A) frontal lobes; limbic system • B) hippocampus; primary visual cortex. • C) primary visual cortexes; frontal lobe. • D) circadian rhythms; pineal gland 144

46. 12. People who become totally blind before the age of 5: • A) don’t dream. • B) dream just as we do. • C) dream but not as vivid. • D) dream vividly with sound, taste, smell and touch. 146

47. 13. According to Freud, dreams have two components, the actual dream and the ____. • A) analytic interpretation • B) latent content • C) metaphorical meaning • D) symbolic representation 148

48. 14. J. Allan Hobson proposed a model of dreaming that maintains dreaming is automatic brain activity that our brain then organizes into a story. This model is: • A) the latent content model. • B) the activation-synthesis model. • C) the base-interpretive model. • D) the bottom-up, top-down model. 148

49. 15. Researchers have found that when people dream: • A) most dreams are in color. • B) most dreams are in black-and-white. • C) they can sometimes predict the future. • D) they will die if they hit the bottom when falling. 146

50. 16. People who are highly susceptible to hypnosis: • A) have a weak will. • B) are less intelligent than average. • C) like reading fiction. • D) are usually not children. 150