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Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meeting Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

– Presentation of the guidebook update project – - NMVOC from animal manure – - NH3 from mineral fertilisers - . Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meeting Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 28. September 2012 Steen Gyldenkærne , Mette H. Mikkelsen and Rikke Albrechtsen

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Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meeting Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

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  1. – Presentation of the guidebook update project– - NMVOC from animal manure –- NH3 from mineral fertilisers - Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meeting FreieUniversitätBerlin, Germany 28. September 2012 Steen Gyldenkærne, Mette H. Mikkelsenand RikkeAlbrechtsen EMMI, ENVS, DCE Aarhus University

  2. Outline • The Guidebook • Updating part of the GB • 7 different tasks • NMVOC • Currently not in the GB – new chapter • NH3 from mineral fertilisers • Update of the GB • Current status of the GB

  3. The EEA/EMEP guidebook on NMVOC • No guidance on manure management/animals • New Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodology • Starting from scratch • > 500 different compounds • 20 compunds are responsible for 80-90 % of the total emission having different chemical and physical properties – mostly • Alkohols • Acids (VFA, Volatile Fatty Acids) • Esters • Amids • Sulfur compounds (DMS, DMDS, DMTS) • Closely related to (same) odour compounds • The guidebook shall cover the whole EMEP area • With very variable climatic conditions

  4. NMVOC sources • Little knowledge on where the NMVOC is formed • The largest source is silage (fermented grass, low pH) • Primarily ethanol and VFA • Can also be found in: • Rumen head space of cattle, however, no correlation to CH4 from enteric fermentation (no data available). Large amounts is seen as a dysfunction of the rumen • In the testine • In manure in the barns and in manure stores • Unclear how much is formed during storage • Unclear how mush is released after manure application

  5. Model approach • NMVOCemission = NMVOCsilage store + NMVOCfeedingtable+ NMVOCmanurehousing+ NMVOCmanureoutside stores + NMVOCmanureapplication

  6. NMVOC measurements • Several odour measurements from barns, manure stores and manure application but very variable and not quantified • A few from American manure stores, lagoons – size 1-2 hectares • Two articles on the concentration in the rumen head space • None during grazing • US NAEM study – 20 locations over two years • Not reported but raw data available on the their homepage • Includes: ammonia, PM10, PM2.5, H2S, VOC on some dates, NMHC in some periods on selected farms and environmental data

  7. NMVOC - emission • Emission dependsmainly on: • Temperature • Vindspeed over the surface/ventilation rate • A simple model for the domain • EmissionNMVOC = Emissionreference * Reductiontemperature * Reductionventilation Temperatures, °C

  8. Climate in pigs barns

  9. Climatic strenght over the EMEP area • Emissionstrength = Tempstrength, HCC * Ventilationstrength • 50 different locations in Europe • Climate data from VMO • Yearly average 0-20 °C • Emissionstrength = integration of Temperature and Ventilation with a daily timestep

  10. The same climate corrrection for open and closed barns This is theory!

  11. Climatecorrected emissions

  12. NMVOC conclusion 1 • The theoretical climate related emission strength model suggest a difference in the NMVOC emission over the EEA/EMEP area of 2-3 • The theoretical climate emission strength model cannot be verified by the data from the NAEM study • It is therefore suggested to use the average emission from the NAEM study for the whole EMEP/EEA area • Emissions from animals of different sizes and different animal species is suggested related to • Feed intake: Data can be taken from the UNFCCC reporting • Volatile substance in manure: Data can be taken from the UNFCCC reporting • Emission during grazing: Depends on feed intake

  13. Proposed Tier 1 NMVOC emission factors

  14. Proposed Tier 2 NMVOC emission factors

  15. Mineral fertilisers

  16. Tier 2 - NH3 emission from mineral fertilisers • What do we know? • Application time differs over the EMEP/EEA area • Application time is different defined in different countries • The current model use a temperature dependent EF • Large temperature correction for urea and ammonium sulfate • Minor temperature correction for CAN, AN and others • Consequence large error for urea and AS if the temperature regime is not correct • To get the best emission estimate the temperature conditions during and after application should be defined correctly

  17. Currentmethodology • Use temperature dependent emission factors • Assumes that all fertilisers are applied in spring • Average spring temperature is defined as the three months after 400 Day Degrees from 1. January • Different regions depending on average annual temperatures • The Problem: • The estimated application time and consequently the used temperature in the emission estimate factor functions is too high as this is summer time (May-July) • The overestimation of the temperature when application takes place is likely 6-10 °C • The temperature dependent emission factors could be unreliable

  18. Proposed new methodolgy • Four different application periods: • Rationale: • The farmers will apply when it is optimal • Regardless of differences in climatic conditions within a country plant growth starts at the same temperature conditions • Spring: • If the temperature (t) < 6°C Spring is defined as 6 °C • If the temperature is > 6°C spring temperature is defined as the average temperature of the months Marts-May (tspring) – this to account for higher temperatures like in the Mediterranean area • Summer: • Average temperature of the months June-August (tsummer) • Autumn: • Average temperature of the months September-November (tautumn) • Winter: • Average temperature of the months December-February (twinter)

  19. Proposed new methodolgy • Step 1 • Split the country into climatic regions. It is good practise to split a country in regions if the average summer temperature (tsummer) varies > 5 °C from one place to another and obtain information on calcareous soil types (soil pH >7). • Step 2 • Obtain information from agricultural advisors from different regions in the country on fertilisation practise on how many percentages are applied in the different times of the year. Preferential split on at least urea and other fertiliser types as there may be differences in especially the use of these two major types. These percentages should be updated at least every five years as changes in praxis may occur. • Step 3 • Split the annual country/regional specific fertiliser consumption into the different climatic regions • Step 4 • Use the model in Table 3–2 to estimate emissions from each type of N fertiliser in each of the regions and at each of the four times of the year. The emission from each fertiliser type for each region is calculated as the product of the mass of fertiliser of that type applied in the region and the EF for that fertiliser type in that region. Emissions of NH3 from fertilisers applied to grass cut for hay or silage may be calculated using the same factors as for arable and other crops. In addition, the effect of calcareous soils is included through use of a multiplier on the basis of values for different areas.

  20. Current emission factors • From Table 3-2 in the GB

  21. Efert_NH3=i=1Ij=1Jt=1T(mfert_i_j_t∙EFi_j_t∙(1-palk_j∙1-ci))Efert_NH3=i=1Ij=1Jt=1T(mfert_i_j_t∙EFi_j_t∙(1-palk_j∙1-ci)) NH3loss from mineral fert. application

  22. NH3loss from mineral fert. application

  23. NH3loss from mineral fert. application • Problems: • Very variable emission estimates: • Different soil types, CEC, pH, humidity, precipitation • The measuring techniques are different (lab, tunnel, micro met.) • Lab is artificial • Forced ventilation in tunnels may create overestimations • Only a few micro meteorological studies • Negative values are difficult interpretate • Probably due to high NH3 concentrations in the air (negative fluxes) • High uptake rates inside the canopy

  24. Conclusion on mineral fertilisers • A better methodology for estimation of the temperature conditions when the fertilisers actually are applied • The new emission studies found in the literature do not differ substantially from previous reported data • There are indications that some of the fertiliser types response to increased temperatures • We (I) have not the insight/knowledge to judge if the previous EF are optimal • An advanced analysis of the actual soil, temperature, crop types and application technique for the EMEP/EEA area to be used as parameters in an advanced physical – chemical model is outside the limits for this project • And therefore not able to optimize the previous parameters • We therefore suggest to maintain the previous EF until better judgment can be justified • Update of the emission factors needs larger investigations and should be discussed in a broader audience • We should remember that this is a Tier 2 which should be easy to implement and use • All countries are welcome to advance to Tier 3

  25. Guidebook chapters Can be downloaded from: http://www.tfeip-secretariat.org/emep-eea-guidebook-review-of-draft-chapters/ Comments should be made before 15. October 2012 Thanks for your attention National borders exists only in our minds

  26. Danish NMVOC In total 86,160,000 tonnes in 2010 (86.16 Gg)

  27. European NMVOC emissions

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