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Post Classical Age: 1200-1450

Post Classical Age: 1200-1450. Reorganization of the Post Classical World Continuity and Change. Organization, Consolidation and Migration of Eurasian Steppe people. European Interests turned outward. The Mongol Impact. Mongol Origins. Linguistic group (not Indo-European or Turkish)

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Post Classical Age: 1200-1450

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  1. Post Classical Age: 1200-1450 Reorganization of the Post Classical World Continuity and Change

  2. Organization, Consolidation and Migration of Eurasian Steppe people European Interests turned outward

  3. The Mongol Impact

  4. Mongol Origins Linguistic group (not Indo-European or Turkish) Of the Eurasian Steppe Tribes & kin-related clans -Internal fighting ‘Strongmen’ (KHAN) could unite clans & tribes • Most mobile of pre-industrial era • Yurt (housing) • Trade with sedentary farmers – grain, textiles, tea • Pastoralist(sheep, goats, yaks, camel) • Domestication of Horse • Semi-wild, stocky, prehistoric-like

  5. Rise to Power Ghinggis Khan (supreme ruler) • War Machine… • Weapons (short bows, lances, hatchets) • Cavalry • Scouting parties • Messengers (Yam) • Spy networks

  6. Ghinggis Khan captures Chinese City

  7. Mongolian Rule: Ghinggis Khan’s Legacy • Standardization of law • Mongolian script developed • Open to new ideas • Peaceful diversity • Tolerant rulers • Religious toleration • Keen interest in the arts • Artistic creativity given free expression • Inspired by conquered people

  8. Mongolian Script

  9. Mongol Conquests • Ghinngis , 3 sons & grandson • campaigns and conquests • South into China • West into Muslim & Christian territories • Four Khanates were created • China (Yuan Dynasty) • Russia (Golden Horde) • West Asia (2)

  10. How did Mongols bring about an end to regional rule in China, Russia and the Near East? How were the subject people treated with respect to cultural, economic and political institutions? To what extent did the Mongols assimilate into the society of the people they conquered? Russia • China To what extent did the Mongols leave a legacy on the conquered region? • How should the Mongols be interpreted in the development of World History?

  11. West Asia – Middle East • Conquered Seljuk Turks (Predominate Sultanate of Muslim World) • Murdered Caliph & family • Devastated focal points of Muslim World 1258 Sack of Baghdad by Hulegu Continued splintering of the Muslim World • Osman of the Turks emerged from the power struggle • OTTOMANS -Sack of Constantinople in 1453 • Timur (Tamerlane) • Successors (Babur) form MUGHAL Empire on India 1526 • Tamerlane’s loss of Persian lands gave rise to Shi’ite SAFAVIDS • Muslim World introduced to Gunpowder • Trade & Focus of interest remained East

  12. Yuan Dynasty China under the Mongols…

  13. Yuan Golden Age… • Chinese Resistance • Chinese Scholars resisted challenges to Chinese traditions • After Kublai Khan’s death - Decline • Generous Patronage of the arts • Popular culture – theatre • Bolstered artisan & merchant classes

  14. China: Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan (grandson of Ghinggis Khan) 1271 Yuan Dynasty- claimed Mandate • Maintained distinction between Chinese & Mongols • No intermarriage • Strict Hierarchy -No upper level jobs for ethnic Chinese • Civil Service- with quotas • Naval Expansion • Failed invasion of Japan • Temporary occupation of Vietnam MINGDynasty • Decline of Yuan • Re-establishment of Chinese leadership

  15. “The palace itself has a very high roof. Inside, the walls of the halls and chambers are all covered with gold and silver and decorated with pictures of dragons and birds and horsemen and various breeds or beasts and scenes of battle. The ceiling is similarly adorned, so that there is nothing to be seen anywhere but gold and pictures. The hall is so vast and so wide that a meal might well be served there for more than 6,000 men.” Miniature from the Book "The Travels of Marco Polo" Opened China to foreign influence Knowledge of Muslim World (medicine, cartography, celestial observation) Marco Polo’s visit

  16. Russia: The Golden Horde • Numerous small kingdoms • 1236 Batu (grandson of Ghinggis Khan) and the Golden Horde invade • No eye remained to weep for the dead • Cities looted and destroyed • Only successful winter assault on Russia • Assault reached Eastern Europe – Poland • Impact :Vassalage • Trade & ties to East • Moscow (seat of power Princes of Muscovy) • Wealth, political centralization, religious center of power • Isolated from West

  17. Ivan III tearing the Khan's demand into pieces

  18. Long Term Impact Less political, more economic and social…

  19. Pax Mongolica • Merchant activity and trade encouraged

  20. The plague is estimated to have killed 25 million people in China and India before reaching Europe

  21. Mongols: Religion & Gender • Gender Roles • Mongol women had freedoms unknown to Chinese and other sedentary women in conquered areas • Overtime, • Chinese restrictions made their way into Mongol traditions • Religious Toleration • Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism ,Islam • Adapted & adopted (in some cases) beliefs and religions of area conquered

  22. Few subjects provoke more heated debate than the impact of the Mongols. • Were they primarily a destructive force, leaving a swath of ashes and barren earth? Or did they create conditions for the flourishing of cities, trade and cultural exchange across Eurasia? • Consider the bias of most of our sources… • Sedentary peoples whom the nomadic Mongols had conquered wrote most narratives about the Mongol invasion and rule. The traumas of war and the burdens of occupation by a culturally alien people naturally loom large in such accounts. Even those who arguably benefited by working for the Mongols were unable to overcome their dislike for their masters, a dislike often rooted in cultural prejudice. As a result, the term Mongol throughout history has conjured images of destruction and brutality.

  23. What is your Interpretation of the Mongols? Draft a thesis…

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