Chapter 24 Notes

1. Chapter 24 Notes The Road to War World War I The Russian Revolution Treaty of Versailles

2. The Road to War

3. MAIN causes of World War I • Militarism • Size of European militaries double between 1890 & 1914 • Alliances • Austria, Germany, & Italy form the Triple Alliance in 1882 • England, France, & Russia form the Triple Entente in 1907 • Imperialism • Race for remaining territory after 1880 created tension • Nationalism • Decline of Ottoman Empire led to Balkanization • Serbs (Slavs) desire an independent Serbia • Russia supports idea of Serbia; Austria-Hungary rejects it

4. Triple Alliance & Triple Entente Serbia Triple Alliance in red; Triple Entente in gray

5. Alliances – A Tangled Web

6. An Inevitable War? • “The entire able-bodied population is preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow Europe sky-high.” • Frederic Passy, 1895

7. “…some unforeseen incident…” • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 • The assassin was a Serbian nationalist in a group called Young Bosnia The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was only 20 years old

8. “…the spark to fall… and blow Europe sky high” • Austria-Hungary issued a list of ten demands to Serbia called the July Ultimatum • Serbia accepted 9 of the 10 demands • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 • Russia immediately mobilized its army • “The Guns of August” • Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 • Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914 • Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914

9. Europe at the start of World War I

10. Europe at War

11. The Schlieffen Plan The Plan: Germany Wins The Reality: A Stalemate

12. European Theater

13. Trench Warfare • The war quickly turned to stalemate as neither the Germans nor the French dislodge the other from the trenches they had begun to dig for shelter. • Two lines of trenches soon extended from the English Channel to the frontiers of Switzerland. • The Western Front had been bogged down in a trench warfare that kept both sides immobilized in virtually the same position for four years.

14. Trench Warfare

15. Trench Warfare

16. “No Man’s Land” "No Man's Land is pocketmarked like the body of foulest disease and its odor is the breath of cancer...No Man's Land under snow is like the face of the moon, chaotic, crater-ridden, uninhabitable, awful, the abode of madness. Wilfred Owen

17. The Result Northern France by 1917

18. The Great War was a “global” war

19. Colonial Soldiers Clockwise from top left: Sikh soldiers in India, Chinese troops in Greece, African soldiers in German East Africa, a Bermuda militia in London

20. Global Recruiting Posters

21. The Middle East • Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers • Attempt to regain territory in Balkan peninsula • Arab Revolt of 1916 • Arabs want independence from the Ottoman Empire • British promise military aid • Revolt was unsuccessful due to the lack of military support • Arabs gain their “independence” after World War I T.E. Lawrence, leader of the Arab revolt

22. Armenian Genocide

23. East Asia • China was divided into spheres of influence prior to World War I • Japan entered the war as an Allied Power • Seized German colonies in the Pacific & China • Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to China in 1915 • Hoped to turn China into a protectorate of Japan • Chinese government did not accept or reject the demands • Led to collapse of China’s military government

24. India • Most involved tropical dependency • Gandhi and other leaders supported the war • Hoped to achieve self-government • British promised to move towards self-government after the war • Provided loans & materials to aid the British war effort • 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers and laborers • Over 100,000 casualties “The moment Britain gets into trouble elsewhere, India, in her present temper, would burst into a blaze of rebellion.”  William Archer

25. World War I was a high-tech war • New technology changes nature of warfare • Over 8 million soldiers killed; over 19 million wounded • Over 8 million civilians were also killed

26. World War I biplane German U-boat British Tank Machine gunners w/ gas masks

27. World War I was a Total War • Definition of Total War • Conflict in which the participating countries devote all of their resources to the war effort • Aspects of Total War • Mandatory military conscription (a.k.a. the draft) • Control of the economy & nationalization of industry • Rationing of food and other essentials • The Home Front • Women, children, ethnic minorities, etc. are considered a vital part of the war effort • Propaganda

28. Women in the Great War Worked in jobs traditionally held only by men, who were at war (ex: Factory workers, nurses, farmers) Strengthens suffrage movements Discovered the benefits of financial freedom (some refused to return to domestic service after the war) The Home Front

29. The Home Front • Rationing • Food Shortages • Diets Change Left: German bread ration card Above: U.S. Food Administration propaganda posters

30. 380,000 African-Americans served in the army 200,000 were sent to Europe; only 42,000 saw combat African-Americans in World War I

31. War Propaganda

32. War Propaganda

33. Weird War Propaganda

34. End of the Great War

35. U.S. Enters the Great War • Germans sink the British passenger ship, the Lusitania, on May 7, 1915 – killing 100 Americans • Zimmerman Telegram in Feb 1917 • A secret message sent between German diplomats suggesting that Mexico might want to join forces with Germany and thereby regain the territory it had lost to the US in the Mexican-American War of 1846. It was intercepted by the U.S. • President Wilson and the U.S. declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917

36. 1918-1919 Influenza Epidemic • One of the most devastating outbreaks of disease in modern times • Mass movement during World War I spread the flu around the world • Spread to the trenches of the Great War • “Spanish” flu kills 30 million people worldwide • Kills 550,000 in the United States • Kills 12.5 million in India and China

37. End of the Great War • Russia withdraws in Feb. 1918 • Russian Revolution • Treaty of Brest-Litvosk • War of Attrition • Almost no fighting occurs in Germany • Germany surrenders at 11:00 on November 11, 1918 • Treaty of Versailles conference starts January 1919

38. Military Casualties in World War I • Germany 1,935,000 • Russia 1,700,000 • France 1,368,000 • Austria-Hungary 1,200,000 • British Empire 942,135 • Ottoman Empire 725,000 • Italy 680,000 • Romania 300,000 • United States 116,516 • Bulgaria 87,495 • Belgium 45,550 • Serbia 45,000 • Greece 23,098 • Portugal 8,145 • Montenegro 3,000 • Japan 1,344

39. Russian Revolution

40. Causes of the Revolution • Industrialization of Russia • Used foreign investment to build factories • Poor working conditions led to urban unrest • Russo-Japanese War • Russia was embarrassed by loss to Japan • Revolution of 1905—”Bloody Sunday” • Russian soldiers fire on unarmed protesters • 500-1000 people were killed • Led to creation of the Duma

41. Resistance Movements • Workers begin to support the revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx • Believed industrial workers would overthrow the czar • Bolshevik party formed in 1903 • Led by Vladimir Lenin (right)

42. Causes of the Revolution • World War I • Russia was consistently defeated by Germany • 4 million casualties in the first year • Demonstrates weakness of czarist rule • Czar’s wife Alexandria runs the government while husband leads the war effort • Rasputin undermines her authority • Defeats destroyed the moral of Russia troops • Soldiers mutinied, deserted, or ignored orders

43. February Revolution • Women in St. Petersburg led citywide strike March 1917 • 200,000 workers joined the strike • Soldiers sent to stop the strike joined the strikers • Led to general uprising in Russia • Czar was forced to abdicate his throne • Provisional government established • Led by Alexander Kerensky

44. Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in October 1917 • Motto was “Peace, Land, Bread” • Immediate Reforms • Ordered all farmland be distributed to peasants • Control of factories given to workers • Withdrew from World War I • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russian Civil War

45. Reforms of Vladimir Lenin • New Economic Policy • Creates limited capitalists reforms in order to promote agricultural and industrial development • Dies in 1924 • Battle for succession between Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin

46. Reforms of Joseph Stalin • Goal was to create communist state envisioned by Bolsheviks • Collectivization • Eliminate private farms in favor of collective farms • Kills millions of peasants • Secures Soviet control of countryside

47. Five-Year Plans • First Five-Year Plan (1928) focuses on iron, steel, machine tools, and electricity • Called for 1115% increase in coal production, 200% increase in iron, and 335% in electric power • Posted worker production in factories • Workers who failed to meet production quotas were shot or imprisoned in the Gulag

48. Great Purge (1936-1939) • Attempt by Stalin to eliminate political opposition • Leading members of the Bolshevik party were executed or sent to labor camps • Stalin purged prominent military officials • 50% of a military officers were purged • Historians estimate 10 to 20 million people died during the Great Purge

49. Movement Toward Peace

50. Difficult Peace Process • Wilson’s Fourteen Points. • Reduction of weapons. • People’s right to choose their own government. • Organization of world nations to protect against aggression. • Allied Goals. • The four major countries all had different ideas for a peace treaty. • France and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany. • However, Great Britain did not want to weaken Germany. • Italian leaders hoped to gain land. • Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the other leaders.