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Urbanization

Demographic transition. PreindustrialHigh birth

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Urbanization

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    1. Urbanization Movement of Populations & Growth of Cities 18 June 2010 1 Urbanization.ppt

    2. Demographic transition Preindustrial High birth & fertility rates, High death rate (infant mortality) Hunter-gatherer, Agricultural, animal powered. Transitional: industrialization begins High birth & fertility rates, Lower death rate. 18 June 2010 2 Urbanization.ppt

    3. Demographic transition Industrial Birth/fertility rates fall, death rate low (life expectancy high) Increasing opportunity for women Postindustrial Birth and death rates low Near full employment for men & women Available birth control (children expensive = child care, inconvenient) Population grows slowly or declines. 18 June 2010 3 Urbanization.ppt

    4. Demographic transition 18 June 2010 Urbanization.ppt 4 Preindustrial Transitional: Industrialization begins Industrial Postindustrial

    5. Demographic transition in USA Population shifts associated with demographic transition. 1800-1920’s Rural, large families. 1920’s – 40’s Migration to Northern cities, factories Increased employment of women (“Rosie the riveter”) 1950’s – 60’s Migration to suburbs Urban sprawl, automobile transportation. Baby-boom Availability of birth control; “the pill” (1955) 1970’s – 2000’s Migration to “Sun Belt” Growth of Southern cities. 18 June 2010 5 Urbanization.ppt

    6. Demographic transition in USA 18 June 2010 6 Urbanization.ppt

    7. Demographic transition in USA Roles of Economic Development, Family planning, Empowering women. 18 June 2010 7 Urbanization.ppt

    8. Urbanization Cities are not self-sustaining. Import food, water, energy, materials, etc. Export solid waste, sewage (or sludge), gases (air pollution) 18 June 2010 8 Urbanization.ppt

    9. Urbanization Why move to cities? “Push” from rural areas lack of land (response to primogeniture, response to division of estate) immigration to American colonies (? USA), Australia, New Zealand escape constraints of village/small town poverty lack of jobs in agriculture Famine war 18 June 2010 9 Urbanization.ppt

    10. Urbanization Why move to cities? “Pull” of city search for jobs, incl. government jobs search for “better life” employment, available material goods, arts, … available social services medical care, unemployment insurance, government offices, courts 18 June 2010 10 Urbanization.ppt

    11. Environment of Cities Lots of buildings, few trees (no pasture) little parkland Heat island. Dust dome Dense population, frequent contact Behavioral adaptation (withdrawal) Crime 18 June 2010 11 Urbanization.ppt

    12. Environment of Cities Transportation commute to jobs: cars, buses, commuter trains import resources: trucks distribute services: small trucks, vans export industrial products : trucks export wastes: trucks, barges, etc. 18 June 2010 12 Urbanization.ppt

    13. Environment of Cities Air Smoke & dust (particulates) Hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides, ozone Water Usually must be piped in from distance. Pollution from industrial waste, Human waste (sewage). 18 June 2010 13 Urbanization.ppt

    14. Environment of Cities Solid waste, garbage, litter. Spread of infectious diseases Common cold, influenza, measles Cholera, typhoid fever, plague Malaria, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile virus 18 June 2010 14 Urbanization.ppt

    15. Urban sprawl Who controls growth of cities? Land-use planning Goals of planners, developers, local government “Growth,” prosperity, tax income. City vs suburbs 18 June 2010 15 Urbanization.ppt

    16. Urban sprawl Zoning Plan for development, often controlled by developers Zone some businesses (e.g. farms) out of existence Develop over sensitive habitats (e.g. wetlands) 18 June 2010 16 Urbanization.ppt

    17. Urban sprawl Zoning “Smart Growth” = Ecological land-use planning Development along bus & rail lines Preserve open space Farms Wildlife habitat 18 June 2010 17 Urbanization.ppt

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