Leveraging Climate Change and SDG Interlinkages: Country Case Studies

1. Leveraging Climate Change and SDG Interlinkages: Country Case Studies

2. Agenda 2030 • The interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals are of crucial importance in ensuring that the purpose of the new Agenda is realised. If we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the Agenda, the lives of all will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the better. • Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time and its adverse impacts undermine the ability of all countries to achieve sustainable development. • The global nature of climate change calls for the widest possible international cooperation aimed at accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions and addressing adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change.

3. SDGs • Goal 1 – Poverty: By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters • Goal 2 – Hunger: By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality • Goal 11 – Cities: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels

4. IPCC AR5

5. Paris Agreement • Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity, (Paris Agreement)

6. Hits and Misses: Illustrative Analysis of Country Strategies

7. Indonesia

8. VNR • Strong Institutional mechanisms to deliver on select SDGs led by President/Vice President • Strong stakeholder engagement • The 2017 VNR responding to the theme "Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing world“ reports 7 goals, includes poverty; hunger; health; gender; industry, innovation, and infrastructure; life below water; and partnership to achieve goals. Indonesia mapped out and analyzed the correlation among 7 (seven) goals reported to the 2017 VNR, based on their impact to poverty reduction and welfare improvement. • 2 (two) main aspects to reduce poverty and improve welfare: (1) Improve quality of human resources, and (2) Enhance economic opportunity and sustainable livelihood

9. Indonesia - BUR • Two major contributors to emissions – energy (36.91%) and AFOLU (51.59%) • Commitments of reducing the GHG emissions by 29% unconditionally and up to 41% conditionally from the BAU emission by 2030 – coming largely from energy (11 and 14%) and forestry sectors (17 and 23%) respectively • Technology challenges for energy sector have been identified • The main challenge to accurately measure the achievement of the implementation mitigation actions in Forestry (and Peat) sector is the reliability of monitoring system to detect the change of land

11. Macro findings • The focus is on inclusive, integrated preparation of VNR and not necessarily design/delivery of SDGs • Clear recognition of inter-linkages – for eg. The provision of energy for improved education and well being; disaster vulnerability of the poor and marginalised. However, no visible coordinated approach to achieve inter-linked goals in an efficient manner or for building resilience. • Encouragingly, a clear recognition that • “Various government budgets are still not quite effective and synergized to accelerate poverty reduction” • Synchronized achievement of poverty reduction target is sometimes obstructed by ineffective coordination in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs in various regions. Low capacity of poverty alleviation institutions can also hamper the achievement of various development targets • Almost a total disconnect between climate and SDG goals

12. India

13. VNR • India too submitted its VNR for the 2017 HLPF with the theme "Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing world“ • Inclusive development has been a major theme of India’s development programme for some time with a major focus on poverty removal and universalisation of access to basic services • The achievement of the SDGs has been placed under the purview of Niti Aayog – a policy think tank of the Government functioning under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister • Clear recognition of linkages across SDGs – at least theoretically • For instance SDG 8 (“decent work and economic growth”) is perhaps the most effective means to achieving SDG 1 (“No poverty”). Hence, to some degree, the progress in SDGs discussed in this report also represents progress in achieving some other SDGs. • Links with Climate Change limited and not well coordinated. Eg: • Further, sustainable and climate-adaptive agriculture has been boosted by, inter alia, promoting organic farming • Approximately 55% of India’s croplands are rain-fed and it has vast coastal lands under agriculture. Food production in the country is therefore vulnerable to climate change

14. NDC • To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level. • To achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel based energy resources by 2030 with the help of transfer of technology and low cost international finance including from Green Climate Fund (GCF). • To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030. • To better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in development programmes in sectors vulnerable to climate change, particularly agriculture, water resources, Himalayan region, coastal regions, health and disaster management.

15. BUR • Enhancing energy access a key focus – 86% unconnected households have access. India today claims 100% village electrification • Share of Renewable energy capacity in total electricity capacity increased to 20% in 2018 • Varied initiatives on energy efficiency from lighting, other appliances. Pump sets, buildings etc

16. Macro Findings • Coherence between the three energy sub-goals lacking • Renewable energy at utility scale. • Energy access through extension of grid • LPG for rural cooking • Lack of alignment between energy for development and energy for climate mitigation • Focus on greening for climate mitigation not coordinated with greening for ecosystem services and related outcomes

17. In Sum…

18. Countries typically are viewing the SDG goals as an extension of ongoing development efforts • There is, as yet, limited focus on ensuring that each development policy/process/programme is consciously ensuring that the three pillars of sustainable development are addressed • The inter-linkages between SDGs are recognised by governments, but the mechanisms to ensure their operationalisation for efficiency gains and accountability are still weak • As yet, the approaches to meeting international goals, as evidenced in the NDC/BUR documents and the VNR documents are fairly independent and no clear alignment of approach is visible in most countries • HLPF possibly needs to review its reporting requirements to move from a mere reporting of statistics on outcomes to a reporting of statistics and policy environment on causal factors • The reporting guidelines issued may be too rigid. Need for flexibility to allow for innovation