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Marine Biology :

Marine Biology :. Introduction to Marine Environment. Marine Environment. Properties of water Basic oceanography Ecological principles Larval ecology Terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems Divisions of marine environment. Oceans: seawater. 71% surface 3.8 km depth 1.370 x 10 6 km 3 volume

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Marine Biology :

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  1. Marine Biology: Introduction to Marine Environment

  2. Marine Environment • Properties of water • Basic oceanography • Ecological principles • Larval ecology • Terrestrial vs. Marine ecosystems • Divisions of marine environment

  3. Oceans: seawater • 71% surface • 3.8 km depth • 1.370 x 106 km3 volume • Presence of all phyla

  4. Water property

  5. Solvent actions of water

  6. Water property • Surface tension • Conduct of heat • Viscosity • Latent heat of evaporation • Heat capacity • Density (Temp, Salinity, Pressure) • Dissolving ability

  7. Seawater property • 96.5% water + 3.5% dissolved compounds (salt) • Salinity: 34-37 psu • ppt • %o • PSU (practical salinity unit)

  8. (Evaporation – Precipitation) Equator

  9. Seawater constituents: Principle of constant proportions • Major (99.28%): Cl (55.04%); Na (30.61%); SO4-2; Mg; Ca; K • Minor (0.71%): HCO3; Br; HBO3; Sr (Strontium) • The remaining 0.01%: (not constant) Nitrate; phosphate; SiO2; trace metals; organic compounds; gases (O2 and CO2)

  10. Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas

  11. Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas • Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain • Seamount & trench

  12. Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas • Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain • Seamount & trench

  13. Basic oceanography • Oceans: 4 divisions + marginal seas • Continental shelf, slope, rise, & abyssal plain • Seamount & trench • Tectonic plates (板塊)

  14. Plate Tectonics • Continental drift • Seafloor spreading

  15. Plate Tectonics • Continental drift • Seafloor spreading • Subduction • Hydrothermal vents

  16. Temperature and vertical stratification • Metabolism: Q10 • Preference & tolerance • Poikilothermic or ectothermic vs. homeothermic or endothermic • Thermocline (50-300m) • Picnocline • Surface water temperature: SST

  17. T-S diagram: Sigma-t (st) = (density – 1) x 1000

  18. Light: solar radiation • Photosynthetic Active Radiation • Euphotic, disphotic, aphotic • Light extinction coefficient K = (ln I0 – ln Id) / depth (m)

  19. Wave • Wind wave height: wind speed, distance wind blows, duration wind blows • Wavelength

  20. Current • Predominant wind • Ekman spiral: Corioris effect

  21. Upwelling • Coastal upwelling • Equatorial upwelling

  22. Circulation of seawater • Antarctic convergence: cooling of saline water from equator >>> intermediate water masses • Antarctic circumpolar: freezing causes cold and saline water sink >>>Antarctic bottom

  23. Atlantic

  24. Pacific

  25. Indian ocean

  26. Ocean conveyor belt • Thermohaline circulation • Slowing or shut-down: cooling of Europe

  27. Internal wave • Flow over tough topography • Propagate along the picnocline • Weak surface slick • Mix deep water in thermocline • Luzon channel

  28. Ecological principles • Ecology, Species, community, ecosystem • Ecosystem components: autotrophic vs. heterotrophic; trophic structure, trophic level, food web vs. food chain

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