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: wendarntu.tw 02-33664762 309

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: wendarntu.tw 02-33664762 309

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    1. ??????&???? ???? : ? ? ? ?? ???????? ?? wendar@ntu.edu.tw 02-33664762 ???309?

    9. ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??

    14. ?????

    21. ?????? ?????? ???? Crop composition and distribution ???? Cropping patterns ???? Cropping sequence

    22. Transitory???;???,??? Settled?? Transitory???;???,??? Settled??

    23. ??????(swidden farming?swidden agriculture),???????(shifting cultivation),?????????????)(slash-and-burn),?????????????????,????????,??????????? ??????(swidden farming?swidden agriculture),???????(shifting cultivation),?????????????)(slash-and-burn),?????????????????,????????,???????????

    38. Chinampa ?? marsh??,?? brackish???,???? ?????;????? valley??? [edit] Geography The Valley of Mexico is roughly 35 miles (60 km) east-to-west and 50 miles (80 km) north-to-south. The valley is an endorheic basin, with no natural outflow. As a result, before the 20th century, much or most of the valley was covered with a chain of inter-related lakes, including Lakes Texcoco, Chalco, Xochimilco, Zumpango, and Xaltocan. These have since been drained and little of their original expanse remains. The greater Mexico City urban area covers almost the entire valley today. [edit] Pollution Air pollution associated with this urban environment, consisting primarily of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particles, is trapped by the natural contours of the valley. In winter, thermal inversions contribute to the pollution problem. This has led many organizations, from the World Resources Institute to the Guinness Book of World Records, was once designated Mexico City as the most polluted major city in the world, which are now surpassed by many cities in the world, mostly in Asia. The pollution level has, however, decreased dramatically since the late 1980s and early 1990s. Whereas the air reached unhealthy levels for 355 days during 1991, it improved to 170 days in 2003 and 141 in 2004.[1] [edit] Climate The Valley of Mexico averages roughly 7350 feet (2240 meters) above mean sea level. Although the valley is located within a tropical zone, the high altitude keeps it relatively temperate. The annual median temperature is between 61° - 64° F (16° - 18° C) and seasonal changes are small. Night frosts can occur in the coldest months, but even in January the average high is 70° F. April and May are the warmest months. The rainy season, during which it usually briefly rains every day in the afternoon, normally lasts from late May until early October and accounts for 80% of the annual 33 inches (850 mm) of rainfall and moderates the usual dryness of the air Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, also called the Valley of Anáhuac, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 meters (7,349 ft). It was originally built by the Aztecs in 1325 on an island of Lake Texcoco. The city was almost completely destroyed in the siege of 1521, and was redesigned and rebuilt in the following years following the Spanish urban standards. In 1524 the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenustitlán, and as of 1585 it is officially known as ciudad de México.[6] Chinampa ?? marsh??,?? brackish???,???? ?????;????? valley??? [edit] Geography The Valley of Mexico is roughly 35 miles (60 km) east-to-west and 50 miles (80 km) north-to-south. The valley is an endorheic basin, with no natural outflow. As a result, before the 20th century, much or most of the valley was covered with a chain of inter-related lakes, including Lakes Texcoco, Chalco, Xochimilco, Zumpango, and Xaltocan. These have since been drained and little of their original expanse remains. The greater Mexico City urban area covers almost the entire valley today. [edit] Pollution Air pollution associated with this urban environment, consisting primarily of ozone, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particles, is trapped by the natural contours of the valley. In winter, thermal inversions contribute to the pollution problem. This has led many organizations, from the World Resources Institute to the Guinness Book of World Records, was once designated Mexico City as the most polluted major city in the world, which are now surpassed by many cities in the world, mostly in Asia. The pollution level has, however, decreased dramatically since the late 1980s and early 1990s. Whereas the air reached unhealthy levels for 355 days during 1991, it improved to 170 days in 2003 and 141 in 2004.[1] [edit] Climate The Valley of Mexico averages roughly 7350 feet (2240 meters) above mean sea level. Although the valley is located within a tropical zone, the high altitude keeps it relatively temperate. The annual median temperature is between 61° - 64° F (16° - 18° C) and seasonal changes are small. Night frosts can occur in the coldest months, but even in January the average high is 70° F. April and May are the warmest months. The rainy season, during which it usually briefly rains every day in the afternoon, normally lasts from late May until early October and accounts for 80% of the annual 33 inches (850 mm) of rainfall and moderates the usual dryness of the air Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, also called the Valley of Anáhuac, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 meters (7,349 ft). It was originally built by the Aztecs in 1325 on an island of Lake Texcoco. The city was almost completely destroyed in the siege of 1521, and was redesigned and rebuilt in the following years following the Spanish urban standards. In 1524 the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenustitlán, and as of 1585 it is officially known as ciudad de México.[6]

    39. ?????????????????(Chinampas)?? Chinampas ??????,????????????, ?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????chinampas(???)?? ??????(Aztecas)         ??14???????????????????????????--??????,????????????????Mexica?,???????Nahuatl?,????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????Tenochtitlán(Nahuatl?,??????),15??????,??????,????????,??????,?????????????????,???????,?????         1519?,????????????Tenochtitlán?,???????20?????????Tenochtitlán?Texcoco?????,???????,??????????????????,????Tlaloc???????Huitzilopochtli,??????????????????????????????????????????????????(Chinampas),???????????????????????????????Hernan Cortés(1485-1547)????????????? ?????????????????(Chinampas)?? Chinampas ??????,????????????, ?????????????????????,??????????????????????????????chinampas(???)?? ??????(Aztecas)        ??14???????????????????????????--??????,????????????????Mexica?,???????Nahuatl?,????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????????Tenochtitlán(Nahuatl?,??????),15??????,??????,????????,??????,?????????????????,???????,?????        1519?,????????????Tenochtitlán?,???????20?????????Tenochtitlán?Texcoco?????,???????,??????????????????,????Tlaloc???????Huitzilopochtli,??????????????????????????????????????????????????(Chinampas),???????????????????????????????Hernan Cortés(1485-1547)?????????????

    40. 1980?6?2?,??????????????????????,???????????????!????????“??”,?????????????????????,??????????????(??????)???????????????????,???“??”???????????,??????1?3?,??????????????,????,???????????????,???????????????,????????????????????????3???9????????????????  ??????????“??”???,????????????????;????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????“????”(Chinampas)?????,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????????“????”??????????,????????????  1980?6?2?,??????????????????????,???????????????!????????“??”,?????????????????????,??????????????(??????)???????????????????,???“??”???????????,??????1?3?,??????????????,????,???????????????,???????????????,????????????????????????3???9????????????????  ??????????“??”???,????????????????;????????,?????????????????????,???????????????????“????”(Chinampas)?????,???????????????,??????????,?????????????????????,????????,???????????????????????????“????”??????????,???????????? 

    42. http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/ibs/info/mexico/ http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs/ibs/info/mexico/

    45. ???(single cropping):

    46. ???(double cropping): ??????????????????????? ??????????,??????????????????,????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????????,?????????????????(?????????????)?

    47. Monocropping, Monoculture??…??Monocropping, Monoculture??…??

    48. ?????????????????,?????: ????????,??????,?????????????,???????????,????????????? ??????????,???????????,?????? ?????????,????????,??????????,????,???????? ??????????,??????????,???????

    49. ???????????,???????,???,?????: ????????????????,????,????????????????????????????,?????,???????,????????? ????????????????,????????????????,???????? ?????????????????,??????????,?????,???????????? ?????????

    50. ????????????7?: ???????????????:?????????????????? ?????????:??????????????????? ????????:?????????? ????????:???????????????? ????????:????????? ????????:??????????? ????????:???? ????:????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,??????,??,?????????????,???????,????????????:????????????????,???????????????????????????????,??????????,?????,??????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????????,??????,??,?????????????,???????,????????

    51. ???????????????????: ????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????,??????????????? ????????????,?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

    52. ????????? ????: ????:?????(???)??,???????,??????? ????:?????????,??????????,????????????????,???????

    53. ????: ???????(Chemical exhaustion theory): ??????????????,????,?????,????????,????,?????????? ????,???????????,????,???????????,??????,???????????,????????????? ???????,?????????,???????????,??????? ???????(Crop toxine production theory): ??????????????????????????(De Candolle,1778-1841)????,?????????????,?????????????????????,??????,??????? ??????????????(Allelopathy),??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????,???????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????,?????????

    58. ????,????????: (1) ?????????????????,????????? (2) ????????????,????????? (3) ????????????   (1) ?????????????,????? (2) ??????????,?????????,???????????,????????   (1) ??????????????,??????????? (2) ?????,???????????? (3) ???????????,????????????? ( 4 ) ???????????,?????????

    61. ????(monoculture) ????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????? ???????????,?????????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????,?????????????????,???????,?????????????????????????????????????,???????,??????????????????????????????????????????

    63. ?????: ????????????????????,??????????????? ?????????,???????????,?????????,???????,????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,???????????,?????????,???????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????

    64. ?????????,????????????????,???????????????? ?????????,????????????????,????????????????

    83. Agroforestry???? ?????;??? (????????????????)Agroforestry???? ?????;??? (????????????????)

    85. ????? ?? 1 ???,??? ??????? 2 ???,??? ?????????? 3 ?????? ????????? 4 ?????? ???????? 5 ?????????? ??????,??????? 6 ??????????? ?????,???? 7 ????,????,?????? ????,???,????? ????? ?? 1 ???,??? ??????? 2 ???,??? ?????????? 3 ?????? ????????? 4 ?????? ???????? 5 ?????????? ??????,??????? 6 ??????????? ?????,???? 7 ????,????,?????? ????,???,?????

    89. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    90. ????????????????????????,????????????,????????,??????????? ???????????????:1952??56.1%,1965??46.5%,1986??17%?2006???5.5%(55.5??,?????51.4?,60????????????????),(1950?,??????571???,????????76%)? ???????????,??????????????,???????????????? ????????????????????????,????????????,????????,??????????? ???????????????:1952??56.1%,1965??46.5%,1986??17%?2006???5.5%(55.5??,?????51.4?,60????????????????),(1950?,??????571???,????????76%)? ???????????,??????????????,????????????????

    98. ???????: ??????????,???????????????,???????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????

    100. coppice????,??? coppice????,???

    101. ??????

    102. (Miscanthus)??????????,???15?20???,??????????????????????? (Miscanthus)??????????,???15?20???,???????????????????????

    104. SRC (short rotation coppice) land type 2 Other eligible land, ie arable land, non agricultural land and land which forms part of an agricultural holding but is neither arable or forage. 4.3m GJ ?? 1GJ=0.23885*10^9? ????????????,???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???,??????????????????????????????, ???????????:????????????(short rotation coppice, SRC)18,??Miscanthus19?Miscanthus ??????,????????, ???0??????????????????????????????? ??????(????????:????????),SRC ?Miscanthus ????1:10 ?1:90 ??,?????1:20,????????1:7 ? ?? ???????????????,??????????SRC ? Miscanthus ???????????SRC ??,????????????? ???1600 ??,??????????????????1000 ????? Miscanthus,??????????????920 ????????????? ???????????,?????????????,????????? ??????????????????????????,???????? ????????????????????????????????? SRC (short rotation coppice) land type 2 Other eligible land, ie arable land, non agricultural land and land which forms part of an agricultural holding but is neither arable or forage. 4.3m GJ ?? 1GJ=0.23885*10^9? ????????????,???????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???,??????????????????????????????, ???????????:????????????(short rotation coppice, SRC)18,??Miscanthus19?Miscanthus ??????,????????, ???0??????????????????????????????? ??????(????????:????????),SRC ?Miscanthus ????1:10 ?1:90 ??,?????1:20,????????1:7 ? ?? ???????????????,??????????SRC ? Miscanthus ???????????SRC ??,????????????? ???1600 ??,??????????????????1000 ????? Miscanthus,??????????????920 ????????????? ???????????,?????????????,????????? ??????????????????????????,???????? ?????????????????????????????????

    112. Windbreaks???;??? Hedgerow????,???? Woodlots??? Windbreaks???;??? Hedgerow????,???? Woodlots???

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