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G EOG 2250 – I NTRODUCTION TO G EOGRAPHIC I NFORMATION S YSTEMS

G EOG 2250 – I NTRODUCTION TO G EOGRAPHIC I NFORMATION S YSTEMS. INTRODUCTORY LECTURE. J OBS IN GIS. (1) System developers highest level of technical skills programmers in Visual Basic, Java, C++, C#, Python, UML, Visio, CASE

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G EOG 2250 – I NTRODUCTION TO G EOGRAPHIC I NFORMATION S YSTEMS

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  1. GEOG 2250 – INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

  2. JOBS IN GIS (1) System developers • highest level of technical skills • programmers in Visual Basic, Java, C++, C#, Python, UML, Visio, CASE • 1,000 people (2) System maintainers • moderate to high technical skills • modify existing code in Visual Basic, Java, Python • 10,000 people

  3. JOBS IN GIS (3) System users • moderate technical skills • know how to use the tools • familiar with the technical issues • know the application domains • work for universities, corporations, govts. • 100,000 people

  4. GISystems GIScience GIStudies CONTEXT OF GIS D. Wright

  5. CONTEXT OF GIS GISystems (GIS) • emphasis on technology and tools • implements storehouse of GISci knowledge GIScience (GISci) • fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and related technologies (e.g. spatial analysis, map projections, accuracy, scientific visualization) • systematic study of the use of geographic information GIStudies (GISt) • how systems and science are embedded in a societal context, applications

  6. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS OUTLINE: What is a GIS Context of GIS Why is a GIS important History of GIS

  7. WHATIS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM? • information system – provides a specific set of facts (the information) arranged in an orderly manner (the system) i.e. payroll, financial information and library holdings • produces information which can be useful in decision-making

  8. Crimes during 1995 Part No. # Desc. Date Location Type 1034161 5 Wheel spoke 1/22 123 James St. Robbery 1051671 1 Ball bearing 1/24 22 Smith St. Burglary 1047623 6 Wheel rim 2/10 9 Elm St. #4A Assault 1021413 2 Tire 2/13 12 Fifth Avenue Breaking 1011210 3 Handlebars & Entering Figure 1.1 Two databases. A database contains columns (attributes) and rows (records). The bicycle parts list on the left is not spatial. The parts could be located anywhere. The list of crimes on the right is spatial because one of the attributes, the street address, locates the crimes on a map. This list could be used in a GIS. WHATIS A GIS? • a particular form of information system applied to geographical/spatial data (together with non-spatial information) for spatial analysis

  9. WHATIS A GIS? • a GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following four sets of capabilities: • input • data management (data storage and retrieval) • manipulation and analysis* • output • connection between elements of system is geography • the common purpose is decision-making, for managing use of any spatially distributed entities (i.e. land, resources, transportation)

  10. WHATIS A GIS? • organized collection of: • hardware • software • network • data • people • procedures

  11. WHATIS A GIS? • Hardware • computer on which a GIS operates. i.e. centralized computer servers to desktop computers Data** • spatial and non-spatial information • raster vs vector data models

  12. WHATIS A GIS? Software • provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geographic information. • key software components are • tools for the input and manipulation • database management system (DBMS) • tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization • graphical user interface for easy access to tools

  13. WHATIS A GIS? People • users range from technical specialists to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work (researchers). • interaction needed between GIS group and users to plan analytical procedures and data structures Procedures** • data acquisition, data input, data storage, data analysis

  14. QUESTIONS A GIS CAN ANSWER? • Location: What is at...? • Condition: Where is it? • Trends: What has changed since...? • Patterns: What spatial patterns exist? • Modelling: What if...? Spatial and Aspatial Queries • aspatial query: What is average population? • spatial query: Which cities are within 1000 km of each other? How many live in cities in Western Canada?

  15. WHATIS A GIS? • contributing disciplines and technologies: • Geography • Cartography • Remote sensing • Photogrammetry • Surveying • Statistics • Computer Science • Mathematics

  16. WHATIS A GIS NOT?

  17. WHATIS A GIS NOT? • a cartographic query gives information on design features • a GIS query yields details or parameters about the features themselves, where the data are stored in a database. • we can't "ask" a simple mapping system to display only where forest cover is "spruce" and average tree height is 50 metres. • we can ask a GIS the same question and it will show where the query is true.

  18. WHYIS A GIS IMPORTANT? • offers consistent framework for analyzing geographical data (integrates spatial and other information into a single system) • allows access to administrative records via their geographical positions • makes connections between activities based on geographic proximity • looking at data geographically can often suggest new insights, explanations e.g. we can link toxic waste records with school locations through geographic proximity

  19. HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

  20. HISTORYOF GIS • GIS as we know it around for last 40 years – roots are much earlier • built upon knowledge from geography, cartography, mathematics and computer science • development of GIS was influenced by: • key groups, companies and individuals • timely development of key concept

  21. HISTORYOF GIS Motivations: • Academics - driven by pure and applied research potential • Government - driven by potential enhancements to management • Corporate - driven by commercial potential of GIS

  22. HISTORYOF GIS 1700s • modern surveying techniques – topographic mapping • data collection (scientific, census) – thematic mapping • idea of portraying different layers of data on a series of base maps, has been around much longer than computers

  23. HISTORYOF GIS • maps of the Battle of Yorktown (American Revolution) drawn by the French Cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier contained hinged overlays to show troop movements

  24. HISTORYOF GIS 1800s • first recognized spatial analysis and use of overlays (mid 1850s) i.e. Dr. John Snow used a map showing the locations of death by cholera in central London in 1854 to track source of outbreak to contaminated well

  25. HISTORYOF GIS 1800s • rudimentary elements of digital techniques for recording and analysis of geographic information • i.e. 1890 Census used a punched-card system for manipulation and analysis of data

  26. HISTORYOF GIS Early 1900s • photo-lithography • first computers (mainframes for GIS) • separation of maps into layers

  27. HISTORYOF GIS 1960s • interest in computer mapping • Harvard Lab – major influence on GIS until early 1980s (major pioneers grew up at Harvard Lab) • development of SYMAP, SYMVU, GRID

  28. HISTORYOF GIS Canadian Geographic Information System (1963) • example of one of the earliest GISs developed Purpose: • analyze the data collected by the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) • produce statistics to be used in developing land management plans • developed at map scales of 1:50,000 • uses a simple rating scheme: 1 (best) to 7 (poorest)

  29. HISTORYOF GIS Innovations: • digitizing and scanning used for map input • required development of new techology • geo-coordinates for entire country • coding of lines with embedded topology • separation of attribute and location files

  30. HISTORYOF GIS 1970s • first commercial mapping software (Intergraph and ESRI) • development of mini-computers as GIS platforms • launch of first remote sensing satellite

  31. HISTORYOF GIS 1980s (GIS Decade) • first software solely for GIS (Arc/Info) • first global data sets • Unix workstations (stable platform for GIS) • first GIS textbook, journal, conferences

  32. HISTORYOF GIS 1990s – 2000s • geometric increase in power, decrease in costs • Windows NT and 95 as alternative to Unix • viewer software (ArcView) – user interface software • consolidation of GIS software • Web GIS (i.e. Mapquest) • integration of multi-media

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