9/4/1435 h Sunday

1. 9/4/1435 h Sunday Lecture 1 Course Contents & Arrays Terminologies

2. Computer Programming (2)Code & No.: CS 104 CREDIT HOURS: 5 UNIT Lecture 3.0 hours/week Lab: 2.0 hour/on every week This course introduces the students to the concept of object oriented programming language Also deals with instructors, destructors and, functions & operators overloading The course also looks into Arrays in details as one of the applications ..

3. Learning Objectives: • Identify the role of programming in our life by learning the principals and Concepts of OOP, • Demonstrate understanding of objects, classes • Learning the benefits of some special functions like constructors & destructors • References: Starting Out with C++ TONNY GADDIS Seventh Edition 

4. Computer Programming (2)Code & No.: CS 104 Pre-requisite: CS 102 Level: 3rd Course Contents • Arrays • Introduction to object oriented programming language. • several C++ enhancements to C. • what classes, objects, member functions and data members are. • how destructors are used to perform termination.

5. . • housekeeping on an object before it is destroyed . • what operator overloading is and how it makes programs more readable and programming more convenient. • To create classes by inheriting from existing classes and how inheritance promotes software reuse, the use of inheritance to customize existing software.

6. . • what polymorphism, how it makes programming more convenient and how it makes systems more extensible and maintainable . • The formatted input/output and file processing • Some applications (Arrays, Queues, Linked Lists, and sorting algorithms. Text books: C ++ How to progrm H. M. Deitel, P. J. Deitel, 1998: Prentice Hall.

7. Arrays

8. Q: Define an array? An array is a variable that can store multiple values of the same type Q: Write a format for declaring a one dimensional array? EX: int tests[5]; <Data type> < Array Name > [ Array Size declarator] ;

9. Q: Design an array - Memory Layout for the following array int tests[5]; allocates the following memory: Subscripts 0 1 2 3 4

10. Array Terminologies Q: What is the difference between the array size declarator and the array size ? The array size declarator shows the number of elements in the array. The size of an array is the total number of bytes allocated for it . It is = (number of elements) * (number of bytes for each element)

11. . Q: Calculate the size of these arrays? • int tests[5] is an array of 20 bytes, assuming 4 bytes for an int • long double measures[10] is an array of 80 bytes, assuming 8 bytes for a long double

12. 13/4/1435 h Lecture 2 Accessing Array Elements

13. Named Constants • Q: Mention the benefits of named constants when used as an array size declarator, give an example? • This eases program maintenance when the size of the array needs to be changed. • Ex: const int SIZE = 5; int tests[SIZE];

14. Q: Define array’s subscripts? • Each element in an array is assigned a unique subscript. • Subscripts start at 0 • The last element’s subscript is n-1 where n is the number of elements in the array. subscripts:

15. Q: How can we access array’s elements ? By using : • A constant or literal subscript: EX : • Integer expression as subscript: EX cout << tests[3] << endl; • int i = 5; • cout << tests[i] << endl;

16. Q : Write a general Format for accessing array’s Elements Array Name [Array Subscript]; OR Array Name [integer Number];

17. Q: Write a c++ program that asks for the number of hours worked by 6 employee and stores the values in an array #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { const int num_emp = 6; int hours[num_emp]; cout<<“enter the hours worked by 6 employees”;

18. . // Get the hours worked by each employee cin>>hours[0]; cin>>hours[1]; cin>>hours[2]; cin>>hours[3]; cin>>hours[4]; cin>>hours[5]; //Display the values in the array Cout<<“the values you entered are:”

19. . cout<< “ “ <<hours[0]; cout<< “ “ <<hours[1]; cout<< “ “ <<hours[2]; cout<< “ “ <<hours[3]; cout<< “ “ <<hours[4]; cout<< “ “ <<hours[5]<<endl; return 0; }

20. Program output with example of input Here are the contents of the hours array, with the values entered by the user in the example output:

21. (Program Continues)

22. Here are the contents of the hours array, with the values entered by the user in the example output:

23. 16/4/1435 hSunday Lecture 3 • Using a Loop to Step Through an array • Implicit Array Sizing • No Bounds Checking in arrays in C++

24. Program 1 : Using loop concept write a c++ Program to enter 5 numbers and print them back in an array form #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { int N[5]; for(int i = 0; i<5; i++) cin>>N[i]; for(int j = 0; j<5; j++)

25. . cout<<N[i]; system(“pause”); return 0; }

26. Program 2 • : Write a code that defines an array, numbers, and assigns 99 to each element using for loop const int SIZE = 5; int numbers[SIZE];for (int i= 0; i< SIZE; i++) numbers[i] = 99;

27. 2. Implicit Array SizingQ: What do we mean by implicit array sizing? It means that we can determine array size by the size of the initialization list: int quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};

28. . 3. No Bounds Checking in arrays in C++

29. Q:What do we mean by No Bounds Checking for arrays in C++? • When you use a value as an array subscript, C++ does not check it to make sure it is a valid subscript. • In other words, you can use subscripts that are beyond the bounds of the array.

30. Q: Write a C++ Code that explains the concept of No Bound Checking, Then show how these values are set in a memory The following code defines a three-elements array, and then writes five values to it!`

31. What the Code Does

32. Q: Mention the affect of No Bounds Checking in C++ ? It can : • corrupt other memory locations. • crash program. • lock up computer.

33. Q: When does an Off-By-One Errors occurs in arrays? • It happens when you use array subscripts that are off by one. • This can happen when you start subscripts at 1 rather than 0. Example: // This code has an off-by-one error. const int SIZE = 100; int numbers[SIZE]; for (int count = 1; count <= SIZE; count++) numbers[count] = 0;

34. 20/4/1435 h Thursday Lecture 4 • Array Initialization • Default Array Initialization • Partial Array Initialization

35. Q: How can array been initialized? Arrays can be initialized with an initialization list:The initialization list cannot exceed the array size. Example: const int SIZE = 5;int tests[SIZE] = {79,82,91,77,84};

36. Default Initialization Q: How can global and local arrays be initialized by default? • Global array  all elements initialized to zero by default • Local array  all elements uninitialized by default

37. Partial Array InitializationQ:What do we mean by partial array initialization? If an array is initialized with fewer initial values than the size declarator, the remaining elements will be set to 0: Q: Draw a memory layout for this array int numbers[7] = { 1, 2, 4, 8};

38. Program 3Q:Write a C++ program that shows each month and the number of days in that month using initialization list #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { const int MONTH=12; int days[MONTH]={31, 28, 31, 30 31, 30, 31,31 30, 31,30.31};

39. . for( int count =0; count<MONTH; count ++) { cout<< “month “ <<(count +1)<<“has”; cout<< days[count] << “ days.\n”; } system (“pause”); return 0; }

40. .

41. Program 4Write a c++ program that finds the Highest Value in an Array #include<iostream> using namespace std; int main( ) { const int size= 4; int numbers[size] ={70,80,67,34}; int count; int highest; highest = numbers[0];

42. for (count = 0; count < SIZE; count++){ if (numbers[count] > highest) highest = numbers[count]; } cout<< highest system (“pause”); return 0; }

43. 23/4/1435 h Sunday lecture 5

44. Program 5 Write a c++ program that finds the Lowest Value in an Array #include<iostream> Using namespace std; int main( ) { const int size=4; Int numbers[size]={10,45,56,90}; int count; int lowest; lowest = numbers[0];

45. - for (count = 0; count < SIZE; count++) { if (numbers[count] < lowest) lowest = numbers[count]; } cout<<lowest; system (“pause”); return 0; }

46. Q: Define parallel arrays? • Parallel arrays: Are two or more arrays that contain related data • A subscript is used to relate arrays: elements at same subscript are related • Arrays may be of different types

47. Program 6 Write a c++ program that displays: student ID, average and grade from three parallel arrays #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { const int SIZE = 5; // Array size int id[SIZE]; // student ID array double average[SIZE];//course average array char grade[SIZE];// course grade array

48. Test 1 • Write a format for declaring an array ----------------------------------------------------------- • What does the array size declarator shows? ----------------------------------------------------------- • Design an array-memory layout for the following array definition • What is the benefit of using named constants as an array size declarator int tests[5];

49. 23/4/1434 h SundayLecture 5 C++ Programs using Two-Dimensional Arrays (Processing)

50. Q:Write a general format for declaring a two dimensional array <array type><array name>[no. of rows][no. of columns];