BIO – SURFACTANT FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

1. BIO – SURFACTANT FOR THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY WWW.NATURALWATERSOLUTIONS.COM.AU

2. Natural Water Solutions― Organic Solutions ― • ■ ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY • ■ ANTI-MICROBIAL ■ BIODEGRADABLE • Natural Water Solutions was set-up to initiate the development of powerful colloidal solutions with Nano-particles(micelle). • The heart of this technology is based on colloidal chemistry using natural products to meet the International Demand for Environmentally Friendly products. • After extensive research and vigorous testing eOx & Sovereign Innovations are delighted to announce the introduction of their cutting edge new generation in De-emulsifier formulations – (Crude Oil, SLOP, SLUDGE), De-salt and Degreaser, all of which meet the exacting Standards and in many cases exceed those that are currently available in the world market.

3. POLYSACCHARIDE – LIPID NON-IONIC BIO - SURFACTANT • Manufactured by a patented Bio-technology Process • Using Natural Ingredients (COMPLIES WITH OSHA 29 CFR - 1910.1200 SECTION (i))

4. MICELLE FORMATION

5. ESTER MICELLE FUNCTIONS • Colloidal micelles work to breakdown long chain hydrocarbon bonds in fats, oils, and grease and hold them in suspension when mixed with water. • Once solid particles have attached themselves to the colloidal micelle, the micelle holds them in suspension, preventing re-soiling from occurring and safely allowing fats, oils and grease (FOG) to be permanently dissolved in water. • The colloidal micelles drastically reduce surface tension and work as a dispersing agent that carry other active ingredients more effectively than common surfactants.

6. Surfactants Also Aggregate To Form Extended Structures In Water, Such As The Surfactant Bilayer Depicted Here. An analogy would be that negative attracts negative and positive attracts positive. The micelle has a hydrophilic (water seeking) pole and a hydrophobic (water repelling) pole. The hydrophobic poles attract each other, thus forming the interior of the micelle. The hydrophilic poles form a tough outer surface When a micelle comes in contact with a hydrocarbon molecule, the center of the micelle bonds to a similar hydrophobic hydrocarbon. It disrupts the attraction to the other hydrocarbon molecules and/or to the surface. The action of a single micelle is multiplied by billions of other micelles. The molecular emulsification process penetrates highly viscous and sticky materials, lifting them from the surface to which they are adhered.

7. Surfactants, being surface-active agents, adsorb at the oil/water interfaces. The patterns in which they adsorbare well defined due to the properties of each end of the molecule. The hydrophilicheads like to be in the water, while the hydrophobic tails like to be in the oil. It is said that surfactantsform oriented, stabilising films.

8. PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANTS • Adsorption - The adsorption properties of surfactants mean that surfactant molecules are usually found at the interface between an oil phase and a water phase or a water phase and an air phase. • Self-assembly - Is the tendency for surfactant molecules to organise themselves into extended structures in water. This includes the formation of micelles, bilayers and liquid crystals. These structures are formed by when the hydrophobic tails of the surfactants cluster together, forming small aggregates such as micelles, or large layer structures (bilayers) which are similar to a cell wall. • Micro-encapsulation is a technology devoted to entrapping solids, liquids, or gases inside one or more polymeric materials - this technology has both proven petroleum and pharmaceutical applications - masking unpleasant tastes and odors

9. EMINENT • CURRENT ADDITIVES • Current Additives that are being used in the Crude Oil operation could only do a particular synthesis. • These additives could only be active at a particular pH or temperature • Limitations in performance • Many additives to be used during the process • Overall cost is expensive • SOV CleanOil • SOV CleanOil a bio-surfactant with varied micelle concentrations have different functional activities • SOV CleanOil could work from ambient to about 800C and pH • Reclamation of valuable hydrocarbons. • SOV CleanOil – could singularly perform the operation • Cost becomes negligible as a result of recovery and environmental issues

10. Bio Surfactant - SOV CLEANOIL • This new product, Bio-Surfactant SOV CleanOil works on Crude Oil, SLOP and SLUDGE. It has shown to work at both ambient and in higher temperatures. • Bio-De-emulsifiers which is derived from Colloidal chemistry extracts of Vegetable plant oil e.g. Palm oil, into amazingly powerful, yet surprisingly mild and gentle solutions, which is environmentally safe, non-toxic and contains no high or low flash point hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydrocarbons. It contains no heavy metals that can poison catalysts. • The ingredients conform to, and are defined as non-hazardous under OSHA Standards 29 CFR-1910 1200.

11. DE-EMULSIFICATION PROCESS • SOV CLEAN OIL - provides a clear separation of different phases, i.e. Oil, Black Stuff, Water and Solids in SLOP and SLUDGE • These phases can be easily separated with the mechanical aids, like decanter and tricanter. • The crude extracted is significantly higher. The current process of SLUDGE can only generate about 5% crude, whereas using SOV CLEAN OIL - SLUDGE the extraction rate gets pushed up to about 40% - 60%.

12. PERFORMANCE OF SOVEREIGN CLEAN OIL IN SLOP and SLUDGE • The adsorption properties for both SOV CLEAN OIL – SLOP and SLUDGE means that molecules are usually found at the interface between an oil phase and a water phase or a water phase and an air phase. • Self-assembly is the tendency for SOV CLEAN OIL molecules to organize themselves into extended structures in water. This includes the formation of micelles, bilayers and liquid crystals. • Converts the Higher waxes in the SLOP and SLUDGE into lower wax • SOV CLEAN OIL SLOP and SLUDGE has ability to convert from crystalline to an amorphous material • Disperses the amorphous material into the crude diluent (or other diluents such as diesel, gas oil, fuel oil and lube oil) • Acts as a de-emulsifier which separates any water present in the SLOP and SLUDGE • Acts as a degreaser and works at very low activity – 0.005% (50 ppm) • Acts as a pour point depressant for wax

13. PROPERTIES - ACHIEVED • The content of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) in Solids can be dropped below 10%, • Waxy material present in untreated Black Stuff ranges above 80% and mostly it contains C28 - C35 as compared to the treated Black Stuff ranges below 70% of C18- C24 • Water separated from SLOP and SLUDGE treatments normally start with water COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) in excess of 100 ppm and need to be treated to be below 16 ppm prior to discharge. By using SOV CLEAN OIL the water COD at starting is only around 32 ppm, and thus it would cost a lot less to bring the COD level down to 16 ppm as required. • The SAVINGS effect is not having to treat the solids to bring the TPH to below 10%, and also the fact that they save 21 to 28 days of this process.

14. PHASE RECOVERY • Treated with SOV Cleanoil • Oil - 40 • Black stuff – 20 • Water -30 • Solids – 10 • Un-treated • Oil - 2.5 • Black stuff - 60 • Water - 30 • Solids - 7.5

15. MOTOR OIL HELLAS CORINTH REFINARIES TRIAL RESULTS Sample of 100 ml treated with SOV CLEAN OIL 0,008% showed lower emulsion layer and improved oil extraction of 8% was achieved at 80°C

16. RESULTS – CRUDE OIL A Batch – 100 ml of Crude Oil was dispensed into a beaker, - an assumption was taken, i.e. 60% of 100ml - 60ml Hydrocarbon content; • Heat the sample to about 800C • Dosage of SOV CLEANOIL - 0.008% of 60 ml (0.0048 ml) • Stir well, and centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes

17. RESULTS - SLUDGE A Batch – 100 ml of Black Stuff was dispensed into a beaker, - an assumption was taken, i.e. 60% of 100ml - 60ml Hydrocarbon content; • Heat the sample to about 800C • Dosage of SOV CLEANOIL - 0.008% of 60 ml (0.0048 ml) • Stir well, and centrifuge at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes

18. RESULTS - SLUDGE

19. PROPOSED DOSING SITE • CRUDE OIL – DOSE SOV CLEANOIL AT THE ENTRY TO THE TERMINAL • TEST – WATER AND CRUDE OIL QUALITY • SLUDGE – DOSE SOV CLEANOIL - SLUDGE BREAKER AT THE SLUDGE TANK • TEST – TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON AND WAXY COMPOUND.

20. CONCLUSION • SOV CLEANOIL Bio-Surfactants can revolutionize the Petroleum Industry through its bio-technological and controlled process that has resulted in the production of materials that would meet future expectations and concerns for a wide range of products, e.g. Nano-Particles applications • This bio-surfactants can also play a major role in the Distillation process and wastewater treatment Please contact Natural Water Solutions for more information