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Race and Immigration in early 20 th America

Race and Immigration in early 20 th America. Prof. Jose Alamillo CEDS 101:06 Spring 2008. 1907-1908 Gentleman’s Agreement. The Gentlemen’s Agreement was an unofficial and undocumented treaty that confronted direct immigration. 

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Race and Immigration in early 20 th America

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  1. Race and Immigrationin early 20th America Prof. Jose Alamillo CEDS 101:06 Spring 2008

  2. 1907-1908 Gentleman’s Agreement • The Gentlemen’s Agreement was an unofficial and undocumented treaty that confronted direct immigration.  • Japan was to issue passports only to those who had previously been admitted to the United States.  • The Gentlemen’s Agreement did allow for Japanese men living in the United States to send for their wives and children in Japan

  3. Japanese truck farmers in the Pacific Northwest

  4. 1917 Immigration Act • Literacy Act which stated that any person over sixteen years of age had to be literate in some language in order to enter the United States.  • “100 % Americanism” & “Unhyphenated Americanism” • American Protective League (APL) and “First Red Scare” • “Asiatic Barred Zone” (East Asia & Pacific Islands, except Philippines) • “Alien Land Laws” (state laws) • 1917 Jones Act (Puerto Rican Citizenship)

  5. 1924 Immigration Act(Johnson-Reed Act) • INVENTION OF NATIONAL ORIGINS QUOTA SYSTEM • Slowed Southern and Eastern European Immigration to a trickle (1890 Census) • Albert Johnson (US Congress,Hoquium, WA) • Race and Eugenics • CONSTRUCTION OF “INELIGIBILITY OF CITIZENSHIP”

  6. Albert Johnson, (1869 - 1957)

  7. Mexican Immigrants • “Foreigners in their own Land” • Creation of the Border Patrol (1925) • Criminalization of unlawful entry as felony • Rise of the “Mexican Problem” (late 1920s) • Repatriation & Deportation Campaigns (early 1930s)

  8. Filipinos • Colonial Subjects or “Nationals” • U.S. Imperialism and the Philippines • Rise of the “Filipino Problem” • Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934 (50 visa quota) • Philippines Independence (1945)

  9. “Double Consciousness” • “It is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro, two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being town asunder..”--W.E.B. Dubois (1903)

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