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THE EARLY TIMES

THE EARLY TIMES. 1570. BRITAIN known to Merchants for:. its pearls gold tin. It was characterized by :. Timber: easily obtainable A fertile soil; fresh water everywhere Climate: mild Rich in game, fish and fowl. Geographically:. 1..East and South –east offered

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THE EARLY TIMES

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  1. THE EARLY TIMES

  2. 1570

  3. BRITAIN known to Merchants for: • its pearls • gold • tin

  4. It was characterized by : • Timber: easily obtainable • A fertile soil; fresh water everywhere • Climate: mild • Rich in game, fish and fowl

  5. Geographically: 1..East and South –east offered an easy access for: • low coasts • good harbours • navigable rivers 2.West and North had a difficult approach: • high coasts • jutting cliffs • promontories

  6. The Ice Age  It ended about 8000 B.C. The rising sea level produced the English Channel and made Great Britain an island. History - Timelines

  7. Who were the first inhabitants?

  8. In 2000 BC we find the IBERIANS A pre-Celtic population. They settled in the western and southern part. They had already reached a first stage of civilization: The Bronze Age and they were entering the Iron Age

  9. They were dark-haired people • Some political organization • built long wooden warships • introduction of metals • lived in wooden huts • beginning agriculture • trade-routes

  10. Stonehenge, a prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain, dates from the late Stone and early Bronze ages (about 3000-1000 bc). The monument consists of a circular group of large upright stones. It is the best preserved and most celebrated of the megalithic monuments of Europe. Patrimoni dell'umanità – StonehengeSecrets of Stonehenge

  11. The typical Mound containing “ Beakers”

  12. the CeltsThey had Blond-hair, blue eyes and they were tall. And after them? TRIBES coming from Northern Europe They subdued the IBERIANS Iron Age Celts

  13. INTERACTIVE HISTORY MAP

  14. WHEN ? A first wave in 7° century B.C. THE GAELS settled in the North A second wave in 4° century B.C. THE BRITONS settled in the South Brittany after the Britons History - Timelines

  15. WERE THEY SIMILAR ? • They were tied by similar: • language • religion • cultural expression.

  16. What were the Celts like? • no town life • they prefer living in farms • they minted their own coinage • Organized in clans, men wore skirts with striped or checked cloaks fastened by a pin ( a primitive form of the Scottish tartan) • each clan had a king ( a chief) and a primitive form of justice

  17. famous for their burial sites, hill-forts, built on the top of hillsThe vast multiple ramparts enclose an area the size of 50 football pitches, and the site was home to several hundred people in the Iron Age (800 BC - 43 AD).

  18. WHAT ABOUT THEIR RELIGION ? The DRUIDS • Their cerimonies were held in the forest • Making sacrifices, they read the Gods’ will in running blood • They had great power ministers of religion administered justice educated the young They worshipped the natural elements as The Sun, the Moon and Water= the holy element which generates life and the door of the world afterdeath. They believed in the immortality and transmigration of the soul from one person to another. It was believed that life after death was spent on the Earth in caves, hills or lakes. When the Romans conquered Britain they destroyed the woods were they held their shrine.

  19. There seemed to be equality between the sexes • the women sometimes ruled large tribes and fought . • The most famous was BODICEA ( 1st century A.D.) who resisted for more than 30 years against the Romans

  20. And in Scotland? • PICTS • The Picts, ancient and mysterious inhabitants of central and northern Scotland and of northern Ireland, , were for centuries, the most powerful inhabitants of the British Isles. • They were of rather short stature and of dark complexion. The name Pict is believed to be derived from the Latin word Picti – „the painted men“ • SCOTS • settled there in the 4th century.

  21. Pictish areas Gaelic areas Brythonic areas

  22. The Roman Invasion • In 55 B.C. Julius Caesar planned an expedition to Britain, why?: • Caesar conquered France which was called Gaul by the time. The Gauls fought hard against the Romans and had been helped by their friends in Britain. Caesar decided to teach the Britons a lesson. • In 54 B.C. He wanted to find out the treasures of Britain, so he planned this idea of exploring Britain, but he never came to invade it.

  23. A hundred years later: 43 A.D • Britain became an imperial province of Rome, called Britannia, administered by Roman governors. • the Emperor Claudius sent another army to Britain. This time the army came to INVADE.

  24. the Roman emperor Hadrian began the construction of a rampart 117 km long. called Hadrian's wall Twenty years later, another wall, called the Antonine Wall, was built

  25. The Romans were originally attracted to the natural hot springs near what is now the city of Bath in England. They founded the city and excavated the baths to exploit their medicinal value.

  26. They founded the city and excavated the baths to exploit their medicinal value.

  27. In general, however, only the native nobility, the wealthier classes, and the town residents accepted the Roman language and way of life, while the Britons in outlying regions retained their native culture.

  28. the people of Britain benefited from Roman technology and cultural influences • legal and political systems • architecture and engineering • numerous towns were established • walled towns – castra (chester ) • BUTThey didn’t train the Celts in arms ( so when the Romans left Britain, it became an easy prey to the invaders)

  29. At the end of the 3rd century, the Roman army began to withdraw from Britain to defend other parts of the Roman Empire. • In 410, when the Visigoths invaded Rome, the last of the Roman legions were withdrawn from the island. • Celtic culture again became predominant, and Roman civilization in Britain rapidly disintegrated

  30. WHAT REMAINS ? • They built a network of roads. • They developed an existing settlement calling it Londinium • It became a trade and administrative center • Some towns

  31. London • The choice of the Romans proved to be the best. • They chose a location that helped in troop movements and administrative communication. • Trade expanded quickly because people depended on water sources as means of transportation, and London is situated next to a number of rivers.

  32. In the 5th c. A.D. Saint Patrick led the conversion of the Celts to Christianity.The Celtic cross illustrates how the Celtic people preserved many of their Druidic beliefs,with relief of earth gods and woodland spirits

  33. According to the legend, Arthur was raised unaware of his royal ancestry and became king by pulling the magic sword Excalibur from a stone.

  34. The Anglo-Saxon Invasion Jutes Angles Saxons Celts A.D. 449 The Anglo-Saxons push the Celts into the far west of the country.

  35. Anglo-Saxons • ENGLAND = land of ANGLES • Wales ( in Anglo-Saxon language= land of foreigners) remained independent, Welsh people hated the Saxons ( for centuries), they remained Celtic in: • culture • religion • legends (King Arthur and the Knights of the round table) • folklore

  36. Characteristics of Invaders Ancestral Tribes of Clans

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