I am Patrick Prosser I am a senior lecturer at Glasgow

2. I am Patrick Prosser • I am a senior lecturer at Glasgow • I teach algorithms & data structures in java • I am a member of • the algorithms group • the apes (distributed, not disbanded) • I am a Glaswegian This is all that I am allowed to tell you

3. Patrick Prosser CI9(4)Hybrid Algorithms for the Constraint Satisfaction Problem • Still using that old greasy stuff? • Who cares? • So?

5. What’s he going to cover! Stop wasting time get on with it! How to do it (the idiot’s guide) (good old fashioned) chronological backtracking BT Forward checking FC FC with CBJ Conflict directed backjumping CBJ

6. What do we want from the algorithm? • Minimise consistency checks • minimise nodes visited • fast (woooooosh!) • pretty

7. v[i] is a variable • d[i] is a set of values for variable v[i] • x is a value in d[i] ( and y in d[j]) • c[i,j] is a binary relation/constraint such as • >, <, =, nextto, f(x,y), nil (no constraint) • check(i,j) tests if v[i]=x is compatible with v[j]=y • cd[i] is the current domain of v[i] • i.e. the working domain of v[i] Preamble

8. It’s all just depth first search, right?

9. BT • bt-label • iterate over x in cd[i] until an x is • found that is compatible with all • past variables i.e. check(h,i) true for all • 0 < h < i • On route to finding this compatible value • if any incompatible value x is found • remove it from cd[i] • return (i+1,true) or (i,false)

10. BT • bt-unlabel • bt-label(i) returned (i,false) or • bt-unlabel(i) returned (i,false) • the variable to backtrack to is h = i-1 • i.e. the previous variable • remove the value v[h] from cd[h] • reset cd[i] • return (h,true) or (h,false)

11. BT Thrashes! past variable v[h] past conflict with v[h] current variable v[i] future future variable v[j]

12. CBJ (reduce thrashing) 1 2 conflict set 3 4 {2,0} 5 {4,1,0} 6

13. CBJ (reduce thrashing) 1 2 3 4 {2,1,0} 5 6 Jump back to deepest past variable in confSet (call it h) and then combine confSet[i] with confSet[h] • History: • Konkrat and V Beek, • Gent and Underwood

14. CBJ implementation • Implementation • confSet[0..n][0..n] is a boolean • confSet[i][h] = true if v[i] in conflict with v[h] • on backjumping do logical OR • … and then clear out confset[i] • For DVO • h is the depth in the search tree of the • variable v[i] conflicts with!

15. What is forward checking? OZ Show me!

16. Check Forwards • instantiate v[i] = x • for all variables v[j] • where v[j] is adjacent to v[i] & • v[j] is in the future of v[i] • remove all values from cd[j] inconsistent with v[i]=x • with respect to constraint c[i][j] • do this every time we instantate a variable • a lot of work! • does it pay off? • Can you bear the suspense?

17. Forward Checking 1 2 3 NOTE: arrows go forward! 4 5 6 7 8 9

18. Forward Checking, a marking scheme • associate with each variable v[i] • future[i][j] = true • if v[i] = x removes values from cd[j] • past[j][y] = i • if v[i] = x removes value y from cd[j] • cd[i][x] = true • if x is currently in current domain of i • checkForwards(i,j) does as follows • for y in (1 .. m) • if cd[j][y] and not(check(i,x,j,y)) • cd[j][y] = false • past[j][y] = i • future[i][j] = true

19. Forward checking by marking • Marking scheme uses static space! • Makes it easy to retract/backtrack • It’s neat • But it still thrashes :(

20. 1 2 3 4 5 Forward Checking Can Thrash 6 7 8 9

21. Check Forwards, Jump Back! 1 2 • There are no values in cd[6] compatible with v[9] • get more values into cd[9] (undo v[1]?) OR • get more values into cd[6] (undo v[4]) • … and if that doesn’t work? • undo v[3] so cd[4] gets value compatible with • cd[6] that is then compatible with cd[9] 3 4 5 6 All the information is already there 7 8 9

22. Checkforwards, jumpback! • assume v[i] = x causes dwo on v[j] • v[i] is now in conflict with all variables forward checking against v[j] • h = past[j][y] means that v[h] removes y from cd[j] • therefore confSet[i][h] = true • do this for all y! • assume no more values to try in cd[i], must backjump to v[h] where • h is the deepest variable that is in confSet[i] or in past[i] • confSet[h] is united with confSet[i] and past[i]

23. What is a dvo heuristic? (you kind of skipped that) Does it make any difference Show me! OZ

24. So? • Paper rejected from IJCAI91 (written in 1990) • I was a Lisp programmer at the time (it shows) • I think the experiments were very good (so there!) • Nice study of influence of topological parameter on search cost. • In conclusion I forgot to say CBJ was new … why? • I like BMJ, it is cool (I was smart for 1 day) • I think CBJ is pretty (natural, discovered, not invented) • I like FC-CBJ (I can understand it) • I identify work to be done (researchers love that (why?)) • … and I make errors re-dvo’s (researchers love that (why?)) • I put my results in perspective (trash them :) • I got encouragement (Nadel) and help (Ole and Peter) • I got a whole load of background (Rina) • But it hurt … why did it take 3 years to get somebody to read it?