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Paris Peace Negotiations

Paris Peace Negotiations. APEH Unit 13/14. “Sticking Points”: Germany. Treatment of Germany Difference in approaches: Wilson vs. other Allied victors Wilson: __ (write in lines to the right) _ ________________________________

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Paris Peace Negotiations

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  1. Paris Peace Negotiations APEH Unit 13/14

  2. “Sticking Points”: Germany • Treatment of Germany • Difference in approaches: Wilson vs. other Allied victors • Wilson: __(write in lines to the right)_________________________________ • GB/Fr/It: __(write in lines to the right)_________________________________

  3. “Sticking Points”: Germany • Rationale behind approaches (the “why”): • Wilson: __(write in lines to the right)___________________________________________________________________________________________ • GB/Fr/It: __(write in lines to the right)__________________________________________________________________________________________ • Possible future impacts on Germany and Europe’s peace

  4. League of Nations: Purpose • Preserve ________________ through _______________________ action • Disputes referred to the League’s Council • Promote international cooperation in _____________________ and __________________ affairs

  5. League: Structure and Powers • Main bodies: • Assembly (legislative body) • Council (executive body) • Permanent Secretariat • Two essential wings: • Permanent Court of International Justice • International Labour Organization

  6. League: Structure and Powers • No clear definition of ____________________ for Assembly and Council • ______________________ required for most decisions (definitely for mandates/sanctions) • No ______________________ of its own; relied on forces “donated” by member states

  7. League: Effectiveness • Predict the effectiveness of the League in achieving its purposes: • Will it do what Wilson intended it would do? Why/why not? • What specific snags would there be? • Briefly write your predictions.

  8. League: Effectiveness • Flaws • No military power to enforce mandates • Lack of support from major powers • _________ – never joined (didn’t get _______________________________ approval) • ____________________ only member 1926-34 (7 yrs) • _____________ only 5 yrs (1934-39) • ______________________________withdrew in the 30s • Left only _______________________

  9. League: Effectiveness • It proved difficult for governments so used to operating independently to begin working through this new international organization.

  10. Paris Peace Negotiations Effects on Germany

  11. Versailles Treaty Mandates • (BRAT) • B____________: Germany had to accept the War Guilt Clause (full blame for the war) • R_______________________: had to pay £6,600 million ($335 billion today) to Allied victors • A___________: no navy or air force at all; army of only 100,000 men max; no troops in Rhineland • T_____________________: lost oversea colonies

  12. Economic Effects • Avg. cost of warfor each majorparticipant • Loan triangle…

  13. Economic Effects • ______________________ fell by over 40% 1914-1918 • Some estimates suggest 35% of all trade was via ______________________ • _____________ shortages left weakened ____________________________ • _________________________________of the German mark

  14. 50,000,000 mark

  15. Social Effects • Percentage of _____________________ in workforce grew to 37% during war • Soldiers felt they won the war and were ____________________ • Many looked for people to blame (Communists, Jews…) • _______________________________ sought to regain/protect social order in the new democracy…

  16. Political Effects • Formation of the ______________________________

  17. Political Effects • Weimar Republic • Strengths • _____________________________ elected President and Reichstag (equivalent of House of Commons) • Voting rights: ______________________________________________over 20 y.o. • Civil freedoms (speech, legal equality)

  18. Political Effects • Weaknesses • Voting system encouraged many _____________ • impossible to form stable gov’t with a majority in the Reichstag • hindered ____________________________ (nothing got done!) • Article 48: Presidential rule __________________ ____________in state of emergency • No specific definition of “emergency” • will be used by ____________________ in the future…

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