Chapter 12: Cultural Geography of Europe

1. Chapter 12: Cultural Geography of Europe

2. Terms to Know Ethnic group Ethnic cleansing Refugee Urbanization Unit 1: Population Patterns

3. More than 40 countries • Peoples belong to many different cultural groups • Speak variety of languages • Due to centuries of : • Migration • cultural diffusion • Conflict • changing borders Diversity in Europe

4. Long history of migration • Most descended from various Indo-European and Mediterranean peoples • Settled continent centuries ago • Population today includes recent immigrants from Asia, Africa and Caribbean • Arrived within past 100 years • Many immigrants come from areas formally ruled by European countries Ethnic Diversity

5. 160 separate ethnic groups • Groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs and often, religion • Some have one major ethnic group • Sweden – 89% population Swedes – descendants of Germanic/other groups settled Scandinavia • Share common traits: • Swedish language • Lutheran religious heritage Ethnic Groups

6. Other countries – two or more major ethnic groups • i.e. Belgium – 2 leading ethnic groups: Flemings & Walloons • Flemings: • 56% of population • Related to Dutch • Descended from Germanic groups • Invaded area of present-day Belgium in 400s AD • Walloons: • 32% of population • Ancestors were Celts; lived in area during Germanic invasions • Misc: • Both Roman Catholic • Language differences – led to bad relations between them • But differences put aside to keep Belgium united Ethnic Groups

7. Tension among ethnic groups • Led to armed conflict • Balkan Peninsula: shatterbelt • Region caught between external and internal rivalries • 1990s – Balkans battleground among Sebs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims and Kosovar Albanians • After WW II – these groups and others in region called Yugoslavia • Communist fell in 1990s – ethnic tensions erupted • result? Yugoslavia broke up in separate independent republics Ethnic Tensions

8. Ethnic hatreds sparked worst fighting in Europe since WW II • Bosnia-Herzegovina & Kosovo (Serb-ruled) – centers of most brutal warfare • Ethnic Cleansing policy – Serbs expelled or killed rival ethnic groups in area • Result? Many became refugees • People who flee to a foreign country for safety • Refugees able to return after international peacemaking efforts Ethnic Tensions

9. Europe - continent is smaller then all others (except Australia) • 3rd most populous continent (Asia & Africa) • 2001 – population 583 million (not including Russia) • Germany – largest European country in population (82.2 million) • Vatican City – smallest European in population (1,000) Population Characteristics

10. Europe – lots of people, not enough space • Population density highest – except Asia • If population distributed evenly – 256/square mile • However – population not distributed evenly • Most densely populated areas are urban centers Population Density

11. Population distribution – related to physical geography • Areas less populated: mountainous area and cold northern areas • Plains area – more densely populated • Share 1 or more features: • Favorable climates • Plains • Fertile soil • Mineral resources • Inland waterways Population Distribution

12. Industrial Revolution – transformed Europe • Rural, agricultural society  urban, industrial society • Rural villagers moved to urban areas, became factory workers • Urbanization – concentration of population in town and cities • Growth of industries & cities – began in western Europe (1700s) • After WW II – spread to eastern Europe • 75% of Europeans live in cities today • Paris and London – world’s largest urban areas Urbanization

13. Population movements – occur all the time • 1800s – Europeans migrated to Americas, parts of Africa and South Pacific • Mid-1900s – fewer leaving but more migrating into Europe • 1950s and 1960s – economy boom in western Europe • Labor shortages – invited guest workers to fill available jobs • 1970s – economy slowed • However, many immigrants had brought family and established home in host country • Tensions rose – immigrants felt unwanted • Governments began to limit further immigration Urban Features

14. Early Peoples • Evidence suggests that early humans lived in Europe more than 1 million years ago • Moved from place to place in search of food • 6000 BC – farming spread from SW Asia to SE Europe • With intro of farming – settled agricultural villages • Later developed into Europe’s first cities Terms to Know City-state Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Renaissance Reformation Enlightenment Industrial Capitalism Communism Reparations Holocaust Cold War European Union Section 2:History & Government

15. Foundations of Europe – 2 civilizations in Mediterranean Sea: • Ancient Greece & Rome • Ancient Greece – peak 400 and 300 BC • Due to mountainous landscape & proximity to sea • Formed communities known as city-states • Each independent – linked to others by language & culture • Coast soon colonized by merchants & sailors • Seeking relief from overcrowding and new wealth • Laid foundations of European government and culture • Athens – introduced democracy • Women & enslaved – no vote • Many had voice in government different than other centuries • Other Greek fixtures left impression on world: Art Literature Drama Philosophy Math Medicine Ancient Greece & Rome

16. Rome – vast empire – peak during 27 BC and 180 AD • Armies sent to conquer an empire that spanned: • Much of Europe • Some of SW Asia • North Africa • Imitated Greek art and literature • Borrowed Greek science and architecture • Roman developments: government, law and engineering • Influenced other cultures • Engineers – built large network of roads, bridges and aqueducts • Artificial channels for carrying water Ancient Greece & Rome

17. Late 300s AD – Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire • Later – world’s major religions • Empire ruled by 2 emperors – 1 in eastern and other in western • Developed into eastern & western Europe • Each had own political, cultural and religious traditions • 400s – German groups from north overthrew Roman rule in western half and founded separate kingdoms • Accepted western form of Christianity (aka Roman Catholicism) • Eastern half – Byzantine Empire– capital Constantinople • Developed own Christian civilization lasted to late 1400s • b/c known as Eastern Orthodoxy Christian Europe

18. After fall of Rome – western Europe entered Middle Ages (500 to 1500 AD) • Period between ancient and modern ages • Feudalism – system where monarch/lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty • Replaced centralized government • Roman Catholic Church – brought Roman culture & government principles of law to Germanic peoples • Religious centers (cathedrals, monasteries) – major centers of learning • Eastern Europe – Byzantine Empire preserved ancient Greek and Roman cultures • Spread ideals to Slavic peoples Middle Ages

19. Cities and towns in western Europe – home to Jewish communities • Contributed to European society • Often persecuted b/c Christians saw Jews as outsiders • Islam – another influence on Christian Europe • Religion based on belief in one God and preaching's of Muhammad • Prophet who lived in SW Asia in 600s • Islam spread from SW Asia through North Africa into Spain and then Europe Middle Ages

20. 1000s – western Europeans fought in Crusades • Series of brutal religious wars • Goal: win Palestine (birthplace of Christianity) from Muslim rule • Failed to win permanent control of area • Did extend trade routes to eastern Mediterranean world • Trade brought spice and other exotic products to Europe • Sparked interest in some educated Europeans – began the Renaissance period (1300s) • 300 year period of discovery and learning which brought great advances to Europe Expansion of Europe

21. During this time – educated Europeans developed new interest in cultures of ancient Greece and Rome • Stressed importance of people and place in world • Writers stressed human feelings • Artists created life-like painting and sculptures • Architects built religious structures, buildings (palaces/villas) • Led to scientific advances • i.e. invention of movable type in printing • Spread new ideas quickly and easily The Renaissance

22. Reformation – new religious movement spurred by production of books and pamphlets • Lessened power of Roman Catholic Church • Led to beginnings of Protestantism • Mid-1500s – Protestant churches dominated n. Europe • Roman Catholic Church retained hold on southern, central and northwestern parts of region • Religious wars engulfed Europe • European monarchs able to strengthen power over nobles and church leaders The Renaissance

23. Europe lagged behind Chinese and Muslim empires in economic development • Late 1400s – western Europe emerged as significant force in world affairs • Portugal – seafarers developed new trade routes around Africa and Asia • Spain – rulers founded Columbus’ voyage to America • Other countries sent out explorers – England, France and Netherlands • Resulted in conquests of foreign lands • Destroyed cultures already there • Great wealth brought through trade with colonies in Americas, Asia and Africa European Explorations

24. Late 1600s to early 1700s – educated Europeans: • emphasized importance of reason • began to question long-standing traditions and values • Known as Enlightenment • Followed by political and economic revolutions Changing Europe

25. Europeans wanted voice in government • Began political revolution • Late 1600s – English Parliament passed Bill of Rights • Limited power of the monarch • French Revolution (begin 1789) – overthrew French monarchy • Spread idea of democracy • 1800s – uprisings in rest of Europe • Challenged power of monarchs and nobles • 1900 – most European countries had constitutions • Limited rulers’ powers & guaranteed some political rights to citizens Revolution

26. Industrial Revolution begin in England • Spread to other countries • Power-driven machines & new production methods • Transformed life in Europe • New ideas developed: • Industrial cities • Improved transportation • New forms of communication • Industrial capitalism – economic system where business leaders use profits to expand companies Revolution

27. New social groups emerged • Middle class – merchants & factory owners • prospered • Working class – factory laborers • At first paid poorly & lived in crowded, unhealthy conditions • Social problems of mid 1800s led to: • Communism – philosophy that called for society based on economic equality where workers controlled factories & industrial production • End of 1800s – European governments passed laws to improve conditions for workers in workplace • Also expanded education, housing and health care Revolution

28. Changes in Europe during 1st half of 1900s • Due to two World Wars • WWI – due to conflict among European powers for colonies & economic power • Lasted 1914 to 1918 • Result: monarchies collapsed in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia • Central and eastern European countries won independence • Versailles peace treaty (1919) – Germany guilty of starting war • Germany had to make reparations (payment for damages) Conflict and Division

29. WW II caused by: • Large number of unresolved political problems from WW I • Worldwide economic depression • Dictators gained control of European countries • Benito Mussolini – Italy • Adolph Hitler – Germany • Aggressive territorial expansion – WW II begin 1939 • Ended in 1945 – most of Europe and rest of world involved • Holocaust – major horror of WW II in Europe • Mass killing of more than 6 million European Jews and others by Nazis Conflict and Division

30. WW II left Europe ruined & divided • Eastern Europe – under communist control of Soviet Union • Western Europe – backed democracy; received economic & military support from U.S. • Cold War – brought about division of Europe • Power struggle between communist world (Soviet Union) and non-communist world (United States) • “hot point” of Cold War – divided Germany Conflict and Division

31. Allies victorious after WW II • Divided Germany into four zones • 1949: 3 western zones of Germany combined  West Germany • Capital – Bonn • Eastern zone  occupied by Soviet Union • Capital – East Berlin • Many east Germans fled to West to escape communism • 1960s – East Germany built Berlin Wall to stop movement • Cold War – western European democracies more productive and economically secure • Eastern Europe – people had little voice in government or economy Cold War in Europe

32. 1950s to 1980s – revolts against communist rule swept eastern Europe • Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria  citizens demanded freedom and better way of life • Early 1980s – Polish workers founded Solidarity, free labor union in communist world • 1989 – public demonstrations led to fall of eastern Europe’s communist governments • Changes followed: • Berlin World came down • 2 parts of Germany reunited (1990) • Czechoslovakia split into 2 countries (1993) New Era for Europe

33. Western Europe – changes also occurred • 1950s – countries banded together economically and politically • Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany • Movement toward unity – led to European Union (EU) • Organization whose goal was a united Europe • Goods, services, workers move freely among member countries • Maastricht Treaty – signed in 1992 • Set goals for central bank & common currency • 1999 – new currency – Euro – replaced national currencies • 15 member countries – expand membership to include eastern European countries New Era for Europe

34. Europeans express values through: • Language • Religion • Arts Terms to Know Dialect Language Family Good Friday Peace Agreement Romanticism Realism Impressionist Welfare State Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

35. Europe has 50 different languages – over 100 dialects • Local forms of languages • Almost all European languages belong to Indo-European language family • Group of related languages developed from earlier language • Major branches in Europe: • Eastern Europe: • Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belorussian and Serbo-Croatian • Baltic languages: Latvian and Lithuanian • Northern Europe: • Germanic languages: German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Languages

36. Romance languages: (come from Latin – language of Roman Empire) spoken in southern Europe • Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanian • Indo-European branches: Greek, Albanian and Celtic languages • Non Indo-European language families: • Uralic (Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian) • Basque • Countries – one or more official languages recognized by government • i.e. – Romanian – official language of Romania, but Hungarian and Germany also spoken Languages

37. Religion deeply shaped European values, societies and cultures • Today – many not practicing members of religious body • Still maintain cultural links to faiths of ancestors • Esp. in celebrating religious holidays • Mostly largely Christian heritage – some Muslim or diversity of faiths • Majority of Europe – Roman Catholic • Protestants – belong to Anglican, Lutheran, Reformed churches • Eastern Orthodox – strong in southern part of eastern Europe • Muslim – Albania, Bosnia-Herzogovina and Bulgaria • Jewish communities – found in all major European cities Religion

38. Religion unites some Europeans – divides others • Hostility between Catholics and Protestants led to conflict in Northern Ireland • Catholics wanted to be part of Catholic Republic of Ireland • Protestants – favored keeping ties with United Kingdom • 1998 – Good Friday Peace Agreement • Paved way for Protestant and Roman Catholic communities • Share political power • Situation still unstable • Balkan Peninsula – 1990s – religions fought over land and political power in Bosnia-Herzegovina • Eastern Orthodox Serbs fought Albanian Muslim majority in Kosovo, Serbia Religion

39. Arts of Europe reflect history and ideas/values of people • Temples and churches show close relationship of religion & architecture • i.e. Parthenon in Athens and Pantheon in Rome • Examples of temples built by ancient Greeks and Romans • Cathedral in Cordoba, Spain – now Catholic church – previously mosque built by North African Muslims • Notre Dame Cathedral – Paris – Gothic architecture that flourished in western Europe • 1500s and 1600s – artists and writers work with everyday subjects and religious themes • Influenced by da Vinci and Michelangelo • Shakespeare wrote plays • Miguel de Cervantes (Spain) wrote Don Quixote • Classic novel about landowner who imagines himself a knight called to perform heroic deeds The Arts

40. 1900s – variety of new forms and styles • Abstract painting & sculpture • Emphasized form and color over realistic content • Modern art – Pablo Picasso (Spain) • Bauhaus school of design (Germany) – clean geometric forms and use of glass and concrete in architecture • 1600s and 1700s • New music emerged • Opera and symphony • 1800s • Reflected romanticism • Focused on emotions, stirring historical events and exotic • Eugene Delacroix (French painter) • Sir Walter Scott (British writer) • Ludwig van Beethoven (German composer) • Mid-1800s – realism • Artistic style that focused on accurately depicting details of everyday life • Late 1800s – impressionists • French painters who moved studio outdoors to capture immediate experiences (“impressions”) of the natural world The Arts

41. Western Europe – higher standard of living • Industrial and urban growth • Eastern Europe – struggle with problems inherited from communist past • Rebuilding economies damaged by warfare or internal unrest • Gap in quality of life poses obstacle to full European unity Quality of Life

42. World’s best educated • Quality of education linked to economic performance • High standard of living – afford to improve schools & provide specialized training to students • Literacy rate above 90%* • (except war-torn Balkan countries) • Required schooling – varies from country to country • Portugal – only 6 years • United Kingdom – 12 years • Schools provide preparation for either college or vocational training Education

43. Complete social welfare programs for citizens • Aka welfare states • Tax-supported programs for higher education, health care and social security • Sweden and United Kingdom • Sweden – government provides most wide-ranging human services • Every Swedish family receives allowance for each child under 16, for secondary or university students • Single parents with low incomes – allowances for family vacations • How funded? • Expensive for European governments • Large portions of national budgets to provide social services • Governments tighten budgets and limit human services • Those most in need • Cutback – opposed by trade unions and voters State Sponsored Human Services

44. Pre-Industrial Revolution: extended families shared homes and resources • Post-Industrial Revolution: more moved to cities, less extended families • Women have entered workforce • Families more mobile • Family life still important in Europe • Live revolves around extended family • Young leave family home – still maintain close ties Homelife

45. Soccer – major sport • Rugby football – team sport • UK, France, Ireland • Tennis – recreation • Wimbledon tennis tournament • Sports – response to climate, landscape or culture • Spain – bullfighting • Netherlands – Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour) • Dutch ice-skating marathon along frozen rivers and canals • Winter sports popular • Downhill skiing – Alpine regions • Cross-country skiing – Scandinavia • Ice-skating: Ukraine Sports & Recreation

46. Celebrate many of same religious holidays as others in world • Celebrations marked with distinctive traditions • Easter: Greeks - feast of roast lamb; Ukrainians – share decorated eggs (pysanky) • Hanukkah: European Jews – potato pancakes (latkes) • Ramadan: family feasting at end • Catholics: local festivals to honor patron saints • Other Holidays – mark change of seasons or patriotic events • British Isles: Yule logs and mistletoe at winter solstice • France: July 14th – Bastille Day – storming of French prison in 1789 that started French revolution • Monarch’s Birthdays: Denmark and Netherlands celebrate birthdays of reigning monarch as national holiday • Celebrations help Europe maintain cultural heritage Celebrations