United States History 1877-Present

1. United States History 1877-Present Unit I Notes Background to American History

2. Origins of British North American Settlement • American Colonization • Why did people come here? • Religion? • Wealth? (“streets are paved in gold”) • Land (cheap or free) • Greater personal freedom • Forced to leave (criminal convictions) • Etc…

3. Jamestown, VA. 1607 • London Company sends 3 ships • 144 settlers • Goal: bring back furs, timber, etc.. • Failure at first; many refused to work • Capt. John Smith: “Don’t work, don’t eat”

4. Plymouth Bay Colony, 1620 • 50 Separatists sail from Holland • The Mayflower is supposed to go to? • The Mayflower Compact signed by 44 • Settled in Cape Cod • Purpose for coming to America?

5. Types of Colonies New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern colonies

7. Kinds of Colonies • Royal (VA) • Proprietary (Penn) • Charter (Conn)

8. Colonial America

9. Columbian Exchange

10. Columbian Exchange Routes

11. Salutary Neglect • The British unwritten policy of allowing the Colonies to avoid following British law. • There was a general agreement that Americans would pay not British taxes since they had no _____________________.

12. French and Indian War , 1755-1763 • Causes: • Land Claims • Control of North America • Washington?

13. Effects of French and Indian War British win British now control massive new land War was very costly How will debt be paid? Will Colonists have to pay taxes?

15. The American Revolution 1774-1781 Causes: • Proclamation of 1763: prevents settlement beyond Appalachian Mountains • Taxation Without Representation! • Stamp Act • Townshend Acts • Quartering Act • Williamsburg Boycott

16. Causes of Revolution • The Boston Massacre 1770 • Protest over taxes leads to riot • 5 dead, 10 injured • Paul Revere’s engraving lead to more protests

17. Boston Tea Party, 1773 • Protest over the tax on tea • Sons of Liberty lead by Sam Adams • 90,000 lbs of tea dumped into Boston Harbor

18. “We then were ordered by our commander to open the hatches and take out all the chests of tea and throw them overboard…and we immediately proceeded to execute his order, first cutting and splitting the checks with our tomahawks…in about three hours from the time we went on board, we had thus broken and thrown overboard every tea chest to be found on the ship…We were surrounded by British armed ships, but no attempt was made to resist us.” -George Hewes, 1773

19. Parliament Punishes Boston • Intolerable Acts 1774 • Closed Boston Harbor • Outlawed all political meetings • British troops would not be tried in the Colonies • Quartering of troops

20. Colonies Begin to Unite • First Continental Congress 1774 • Declaration of Rights • Boycott of British goods

21. Colonies Form Militias

22. Lexington and Concord, April 1775 • General Gage heard colonists were hiding weapons and gunpowder • Sent 700 troops to Concord • Paul Revere and William Dawes sent to warn towns • First battle in Lexington; 8 Colonist killed • Colonists met British in Concord • 4,000 Minutemen chased British back to Boston • British had 74 dead; 200 wounded or captured • Colonists had 49 dead, 41 wounded

23. Lexington and Concord

24. Important People • Sam Adams • Revolutionary • Leader of the Sons of Liberty

25. John Peter Muhlenberg • Leader of the “Black Regiment” • Advocated for independence from the pulpit

26. Governor John Trumbull, Sr. • Governor of Connecticut • Only colonial Governor to refuse to help the British • One of Washington’s best friends

27. John Hancock • Prosperous merchant from Boston • President of the Second Continental Congress • Famous for Signature on the DoI

28. John Locke • British doctor and philosopher • Originator of the Social Contract Theory • Provided the foundation for the ideas in the Declaration of Independence

29. Dr. Benjamin Rush • Founder of American Medicine • His vote caused Pennsylvania to side with Independence • Signer of the Declaration of Independence

30. Charles Carroll of Carrollton • One of the wealthiest men in America • Help to fund the Revolution • Signed DoI • A Catholic from Maryland • Promoted equal rights for all religions

31. Dr. John Witherspoon • Scottish immigrant • Presbyterian minister • Signer of the DoI • President of Princeton University

32. Thomas Paine • Scottish Immigrant to Virginia • Author of Common Sense and other pamphlets • Major influence on the independence move-ment and the Revolution

33. Common Sense • 'Tis not the concern of a day, a year, or an age; posterity are virtually involved in the contest, and will be more or less affected, even to the end of time, by the proceedings now. Now is the seed time of continental union, faith and honor. The least fracture now will be like a name engraved with the point of a pin on the tender rind of a young oak; The wound will enlarge with the tree, and posterity read it in full grown characters.

34. The American Crisis THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated.

36. Second Continental Congress • Purpose? • Olive Branch Petition • British reaction

37. Declaration of Independence 7/4/1776 • Five purposes for writing the Declaration: • Gain international support ($, troops, weapons, etc…) • Gain popular support in the colonies • Set up a democratic government • Propaganda (increase enlistments and support) • Declare our Independence (hence the title!)

38. Declaration of Independence, 1776 • Written by a committee of 5: • Adams • Franklin • Sherman • Livingston • Jefferson (main author)

39. Declaration of Independence • It is a four part essay: • Introduction: identifies reasons for independence • Explanation of our political ideology • List of the injuries and usurpations of the King • Declaration of our independence

40. Slavery Clause • What did it say? • Why was it removed? • Impact?

41. Significance? • Articulated American political culture in a concise manner • Created a framework for democratic government • Inspired revolutions in other nations

42. Major Rights • Life • Liberty • Pursuit of Happiness (property) • No taxation without representation • Government by consent

43. Democratic Principles in the Declaration of Independence • Four Democratic Principles: • “all men are created equal…” • “they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights…” (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) • “governments are instituted among men deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…” • Whenever any government becomes destructive of the ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it…”

44. Why was the Declaration so successful? • Why was it so successful? • French King gave $, troops, ships, weapons, etc.. • British citizens protested costs of war • American enlistments increased • Colonial sentiment favored Independence

45. American Revolution Turning Points • Battle of Saratoga 1777 • Valley Forge 1777 • Battle of Yorktown 1781

46. Significance of the Revolution • First colonies to successfully rebel • America became first modern Republic • First war for liberty/freedom • Paved the way for future revolutions

47. George Washington • Commander of the Continental Army • One of the wealthiest men in America • Greatest strength(s)?

48. Articles of Confederation 1781-1787 Our first national Constitution Created a confederate system (divided power w/ State supremacy) Written by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia in 1777 Ratified in 1781. Required unanimous consent of 13 States

50. Strengths • States’ rights • Representation for citizens • Legislative Powers • Land Ordinance of 1781: created townships in Kentucky territories • Northwest Ordinance : outlawed slavery in the territory and set up requirements for statehood.