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Tripartite Pact…Axis Nations Of:. World War II Begins. Hitler invades Poland, September, 1939 Great Britain and France declare war on Germany. World War II Begins. blitzkrieg = “lightning war”. U.S. Response “Cash and Carry” (1939).
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World War II Begins • Hitler invades Poland, September, 1939 • Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
World War II Begins • blitzkrieg = • “lightning war”
U.S. Response“Cash and Carry” (1939) • “Cash and Carry” (1939)-the U.S. would help Britain and France if they • 1. purchased American arms with cash and • 2. transported them across the Atlantic on their own ships. • (Revises the Neutrality Acts of 1936)
The Atlantic Charter • By 1940, Hitler was in control of much of Eastern Europe. • Great Britain was afraid • Winston Churchill (British new Prime Minister) and FDR meet on a warship to create a statement: the Atlantic Charter. • They pledged to seek no gains in territory and to support the right of all peoples to choose their own form of government.
The Four Freedoms (1941) • FDR gave “Four Freedoms” speech as part of his State of the Union Address, • January 6, 1941
U.S. ResponseLend-Lease (1941) • Lend-LeaseAct: • Authorized FDR to “lend” war materiel to any nation whose defense was considered necessary for U.S. national security • Especially: Great Britain, the Soviet Union and China
U.S. Response to Japan • U.S.-Japan relations stopped when Japan joined the Axis powers • When Japan attacked Manchuria, U.S. stopped exporting fuel and metal to Japan. • U.S. moved their fleet to Hawaii to show readiness
Why Attack Pearl Harbor? • Japan KNEW that US would oppose Japanese expansion eventually. • Japan knew its own weaknesses • US was a strong force. • Had to knock US Navy out completely • Aircraft carriers • If carriers survived, Japan knew it would lose
Multiple waves of torpedo bombers and regular bombers were sent to attack Pearl Harbor and Hickam Field. A fourth wave of planes was NOT sent that would have crippled the American Navy even further!
How the Attack Worked • Japan sent 14 Points • Memo in….14 parts • In Japanese (we were forced to translate) • Memo DEMANDED that the US give Japan oil. • Spoke of US aggression in world affairs.
How… • Final part said that war was Japan’s ONLY option to protect itself from the US • Huh? • Supposed to be delivered right BEFORE the attack and negotiations had broken down. • Why? (Think Art of War) • Mistakenly delivered AFTER the shooting had started. • Good or bad?
The Attack • 7:55 am • Sunday • Figured Americans would be more relaxed • December 7, 1941 • Many troops on holiday leave
Approximately 350 planes • Bombers • Torpedo bombers • Midget submarines outside Pearl Harbor
The Attack… • Wanted the aircraft carriers • Were NOT in harbor • Hit destroyers, battleships, and others • Killed approximately 2300 servicemen • Attack lasted about 90 minutes
Results • 323 planes damaged or destroyed • 8 battleships • 6 were fixed and returned to duty • 3 cruisers • 3 destroyers • United Americans in hatred of Japanese • Propaganda • Internment of Japanese-Americans
Reflection • This HAD been well-planned • Had trained bombing runs on an island similar to Oahu • Modified torpedoes to run shallow in Pearl Harbor • Planned weeks in advance • Used the 14 Part Memo as a deception to delay
Pearl Harbor • Japan wished to expand, but the U.S. stood in the way. • U.S. had cut off oil to Japan • U.S. naval and air forces were in the Pacific.
