I. New France II. The Dutch and Swedish III. Problems in Europe: Reformation IV. English Challenge

1. Chapter 2 The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain • I. New France • II. The Dutch and Swedish • III. Problems in Europe: Reformation • IV. English Challenge • V. Restoration Colonies • VI. English Civil Wars (begins chp 3) 22 slides

2. Chapter 2 The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of North America Protestant Reformation and the Challenge to Spain • I. New France • Early French Explorers • Samuel Champlain: St Lawrence • Many were late teens to early 20s • Explored / Settled Areas • Acadia/Nova Scotia • 1608: est Quebec city

3. Tended to look toward West for expansion, trade and a future – NOT toward France. • Established outposts along Great Lakes and St Lawrence river • c. Mission • Exports / Wealth • d. Religion • Frontier of inclusion • Religious

4. II. Dutch and Swedish DUTCH: a) Dutch more active than French in 17th century. b) Dutch (Netherlands) sought colonies to relieve overpopulation, and profit. c) Republicanism i) The East and West India Companies 1602 Dutch East India Company chartered (born/begun) 1621 Dutch West India Company chartered Trading company

5. ii) New Netherland • Seaport • Pluralistic society • Danes, Finns, Germans, Scots, Norwegians • Similarity with French and English • Established vast patroonships (1630s) • French later established seigneuries • English later established estates

6. SWEDISH: • Flemish refugees from Spanish war and Swedes • Arrived in America in 1638 • Founded New Sweden • Initially more Calvin – religious and more Flemish • Initially Dutch and Swedes united in war against Spain. • Swedish control fell to Dutch and eventually Dutch fell to the English

7. III. Problems in Europe: Reformation GERMANY: Martin Luther – German SWITZERLAND: John Calvin – Christian Religion Essential doctrine: absolute depravity of man after Fall of Adam and impossibility of salvation except for those few, the Elect, predestined by God to salvation. Rejected Catholic tenants: papal supremacy, veneration of Saints, clerical celibacy ENGLAND Protestant Reformation argued that a person could find salvation through faith alone!

8. Spread to England with Henry VIII Church of England and Henry VIII 1527 cut ties to Rome Henry sat at the head of the Church, Protestant. What to do with the wife He didn't have a problem with majority of rules BUT wanted official sanction to dispose of wife Elizabeth I: most responsible for defining Protestant reformation in England England had problems at time: money and Spain Privateers 1588 English victory over Spanish Armada She dies 1603, James I becomes king. With the English victory … England starts to move about on the Atlantic.

9. Why they left Europe and where they went Why they left:

10. Where they went: COLONIES The English Roanoke VA 1587 John White Jamestown 1607 John Smith The French Quebec / Lower Canada Samuel de Champlain The Spanish Florida Central and South America SW of current US Others Dutch / Swedes: Delaware / NY area

11. IV. English Challenge • Plymouth Colony and Mayflower Compact • Plymouth was first English colony, founded by pilgrims, religious dissenters. • Pilgrims were English separatists who believed Anglican est so corrupt they had to start their own church. • 1620, 102 people set sail from Plymouth England on board the Mayflower.

12. MASSACHUSETTES BAY COMPANY: • Ideal of Puritans was to establish a city upon a hill. • 1629, Royal Charter granted to group of wealthy Puritans who created the MA Bay Comp. • Between 1629-1643, 20,000 people.

13. Pilgrims: 1st colonists of New England. Believed that the Anglican church tenets stood in the way of pure religion as defined by Biblical teachings. Puritans. Puritans split into two groups. Salvation came from God’s covenant of grace. Those who believed that needed changes could be accomplished within the church (known as non-separatists).

14. Puritan Values: Social/Cultural • Religious • -Most followed dictates of Church of England (similar in some respects to Catholicism) • -Calvinism • -Emphasized; hard work, work ethic • Puritan missionaries vis a vis indians. • John Eliot • View of Indians

15. Economy • Didn’t have soil for tobacco, forced to diversity: fish, lumber, farming. Shipping fleets were built • Education • 1647, when town had more than 50 families, had to build a school.. Harvard in 1636. Connecticut enacted similar laws.

16. Puritan attitudes toward Virginians (1640s) • Virginian attitude toward Puritan • Puritans and Virginians on Quakers • Quakers on new Englanders:

17. New England • Tobacco, Expansion and Warfare • Figures for tobacco • 1617; VA exported 10 tons • 1618: VA exported 25 tons • 1628: VA exported 250 tons • Required labor force: • Indentured servants • ¾ of English migrants to Chesapeake • In exchange for cost of transportation, worked for 7 years (2-7 years). • Headright system: 50 acres per • Indians

18. Indians: • Powhattan Indians • Initially Powhattan Indians assisted English settlers. • For 15 years they coexisted despite poor treatment by settlers to Indians. • 1614: Pocahontas • Powhatan died • Chief Opechancanough • - 1622 assault on Jamestown – Good Friday. • 1644 – Opechancanough FINAL assault to push back settlers • 1645 • 1685

19. V. Restoration Colonies • Charles II – restored to throne. • Carolina • Pennsylvania • New York

20. Middle Colonies: • New York • Pennsylvania

21. VI. English Civil Wars England’s civil wars wages 1640s, Royal power/authority over colonies virtually collapsed. During civil wars, trade was redirected. Rather than London, Amsterdam became the largest trading partner. Few English politicians paid much notice to the colonies. They were ignored or … Salutary neglect

22. REVIEW TERMS: Joint Stock Company Covenant Compact Charter Christianity: Catholicism Protestantism: Lutheranism Anglicanism Republicanism v. Monarchism Reformation Merchantilism Salutary Neglect Patroonships Seigneurs