Welcome! May 28, 2014

1. Welcome! May 28, 2014 • Opening discussion • Reflect on political parties/conflict. • What do you know about those of the past and also in the current world? Homework: • Read Chapter 18, Section 3. Complete GRW. • Study for a possible quiz of the pop variety 

2. Bell Ringer • These questions focus on the divisions that remained in the country after the Civil War. • Read the quote on page 533. Do you think the speaker is a Southerner? Explain. • How do you think most white Southerners would respond to the speaker’s plans?

3. Reuniting the Nation:Civil War Reconstruction

4. What was Reconstruction? • The plan to bring the Confederate States back into the United States so that the country could be ONE NATION again

5. When the Union won the Civil War the big questions were: • What should Southern states have to do to be readmitted to the Union? • What should happen to southerners who participated in the war effort? • What should happen to the newly emancipated slaves?

6. Early Reconstruction

7. Objectives • Describe the postwar challenges that faced the nation. • Compare and contrast President Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction with the plan proposed by Congress. • Identify the goals of the Freedmen’s Bureau. • Describe the immediate impact of Lincoln’s assassination.

8. Objectives • Explain why conflicts developed over plans for Reconstruction. • Describe the changes in the South brought about by Radical Reconstruction. • Explain how Congress tried to remove President Johnson from office.

9. Key Terms • Radical Republican – a congressman who, after the Civil War, favored using the government to create a new order in the South and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote • Reconstruction – the process the U.S. government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War • Freedmen’s Bureau – a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War • Andrew Johnson – Lincoln’s Vice President; Democrat; former slaveholder from Tennessee • Black codes – laws passed by Southern states that limited the freedom of former slaves • Civil rights – rights granted to all citizens • Fourteenth Amendment – an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, passed in 1868, that made all persons born or naturalized in the United States (including former slaves) citizens of the country

10. Terms and People • Abraham Lincoln –president who wanted to bind up the wounds of the Civil War as quickly as possible • amnesty–a group pardon • freedman–a man or woman who was legally freed from slavery after the Civil War • impeachment–bringing of formal charges against a public official

11. Terms and People • Andrew Johnson –Vice President who became President when Lincoln was assassinated • Hiram Revels –an African American senator • Blanche Bruce –an African American senator • scalawag–asouthern white who had opposed secession • carpetbagger–a northern white who went south to start a business or pursue political office

12. How did the government try to solve key problems facing the nation after the Civil War? After the Civil War, the nation faced enormous problems, especially in the South. The government developed a plan for states to return to the Union and created an organization to help people freed from slavery.

13. During the Civil War, vast stretches of the South were devastated. Americans had to bring the North and South together again. This process was known as Reconstruction.

14. Reconstruction Begins • What challenge did the South face after the Civil War? • Building a new society not based on slavery • What was Reconstruction? • The process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union (1865-1877) • What were Johnson’s Reconstruction policies? • Insisted new state governments ratify the 13th Amendment • Insisted they accept the supreme power of the Federal government • Offered amnesty to most white southerners and said he would return their property (in exchange for a pledge of loyalty)

15. Americans were forced to consider difficult questions during Reconstruction. Who would help the homeless refugees who needed food, shelter, and work? What plans would be made for people who had been freed from slavery?

16. Lincoln’s View of Reconstruction “With malice toward none, with charity for all...” Second Inaugural Address, 1865

17. President Lincoln’s plan Ten Percent Plan When 10% of a state’s voters swore an oath of loyalty, they could organize a new state government. Congress’s plan Wade-Davis Bill When 50% of a state’s voters swore loyalty, they could organize a new state government. President Abraham Lincoln and Congress proposed different plans for Reconstruction.

18. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan made it easy for southern states to rejoin the Union. If . . . Then . . . 10% of a state’s voters swore loyalty to the United States. That state could form a new state government. Former Confederates would receive amnesty. That government declared an end to slavery. The state could take part in national government again.

19. The Wade-Davis Bill was much stricter. If . . . Then . . . 50% of a state’s voters swore loyalty to the United States. That state could rejoin the Union. People in that state had voluntarily fought for the Confederacy. They would not have voting rights. Lincoln refused to sign the bill, so it was never passed.

20. Republican leaders had different ideas about how to keep their party strong in the new South. Lincoln believed that a “soft” policy would help him win support from influential southerners. Othersargued that a strict plan would keep the South from regaining power and weaken their control.

21. The government also had to deal with the needs of freedmen. In 1865, Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau. The bureau’s first duty was to provide emergency relief to people displaced by the war.

22. The Freedmen’s Bureau set up schools in the South. Many southern states lacked public education before the war. Now, public schools began to educate both blacks and whites.

23. The Freedmen’s Bureau defended the freedom of former slaves in several ways. It helped freedmen find jobs. It resolved disputes between white Americans and freedmen. It set up its own courts to deal with some disputes.

24. President Lincoln did not live to put his plans into practice. Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer, while attending a play. Booth was captured and killed, but Americans remained stunned by Lincoln’s death.

25. Lincoln’s successor was Vice President Andrew Johnson, a southern Democrat who had remained loyal to the Union. Johnson had shown bitterness toward the Confederates. Many Americans expected him to take a strict approach to Reconstruction.

26. Conflicts Over Reconstruction

27. How did disagreements over Reconstruction lead to conflict in government and in the South? President Andrew Johnson and Congress disagreed over plans for Reconstruction. This led to a battle for power between Congress and the Presidency.

28. Like Lincoln, President Johnson proposed a less demanding plan for Reconstruction. • He gave amnesty to most former Confederates. • He allowed southern states to organize new governments and elect representatives to Congress.

29. Johnson required states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. This amendment abolished slavery and forced labor. Slavery The Thirteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to make laws to enforce its terms.

30. Congress rejected Johnson’s lenient approach and began to debate a new plan. To sidestep the abolishment of slavery, some southerners supported black codes, a system of near-slavery. Anger over these developments led Radical Republicans in Congress to adopt a hard line.

31. Black Codes • White Southerners sought ways to control newly freed African Americans • They wrote Black Codes to regulate civil and legal rights, from marriage to the right to hold and sell property • In many ways the codes guaranteed African Americans would continue working as farm laborers African American men who were arrested for vagrancy due to unemployment

32. Rebuilding Brings Conflict • What policies of new Southern state governments angered Congress? • Some refused to ratify the 13th Amendment • Passed the black codes • The new governments seemed too much like the old • How did Congress deal with the Southern states? • Refused to seat representatives from the South • Set up a committee to study conditions in the South and decide if Southern states should be represented • How did the Radical Republicans wish to reorganize the South? • Wanted the federal government to play an active role • Demanded full and equal citizenship for African Americans • Wanted to destroy the South’s old ruling class • Wanted small farms, free schools, respect for labor, and political equality

33. The struggle over Reconstruction led to direct clashes between the President and Congress. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans. Johnson vetoed the bill. Congress overturned the veto. It became law.

34. The Civil Rights Act of 1866

35. Next, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment All people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens. States must allow all males over 21 to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment was not fully enforced until the 1970s.

36. Radical Republicans won enough support to begin a series of reforms known as Radical Reconstruction. They passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. The act stated that to return to the Union, southern states had to: write a new state constitution allow African Americans to vote ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

37. The act imposed military rule on states that refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, dividing them into five military districts.

38. The Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth Amendment • What were the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment? • Civil Rights Act of 1866  • All persons born in U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens • Entitled to equal rights regardless of race • President Johnson vetoed this bill, but Congress overrode the veto • Fourteenth Amendment  “Equal protection of the laws” • All people born in U.S. were citizens and had the same rights • Said that any state that kept African Americans from voting would lose representatives in Congress • Southern states would have less power if they did not grant black men the vote • Overturned the Dred Scott decision • What was the effect of opposition to civil rights legislation? • Johnson and the former slave states (except TN) passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867

39. The Civil Rights Act/The Fourteenth Amendment, continued • What were the provisions of the Reconstruction Act of 1867? • Divided the South into five military districts, each run by an army commander • Members of the ruling class before the war lost their voting rights • Before Southern states could be readmitted to the Union, they had to: • Approve new state constitutions that gave the vote to all adult men, including African Americans • They must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

40. President Andrew Johnson Radical Republicans • majority of white men must swear oath of loyalty • states must ratify 13th Amendment • former Confederate officials may vote and hold office • state governments must disband • states must write new constitutions • states must ratify 13th and 14th Amendments • must allow African American men to vote Overall, the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans were much stricter and more comprehensive than those of President Johnson.

41. Radical Reconstruction brought about many improvements: Southern states opened their first public schools. Taxes and voting rules became fairer for all citizens. Legislators granted women property rights. States rebuilt bridges, roads, and buildings.

42. For the first time in American history, African Americans in the South played an active role in politics. African Americans were elected to local and statewide offices. Hiram Revels and Blanche Bruce became the nation’s first African American senators.

43. The Republican Party built a strong following during this time, based on three groups. 1 Freedmen voters. 2 Scalawags, or southern whites who had opposed secession. 3 Carpetbaggers, or northern whites who came to work in the South.

44. Radical Republican power peaked in 1868. The Radicals tried to remove President Johnson from office by impeachment. Johnson received just enough votes to stay in office. Then, General Ulysses S. Grant won the 1868 presidential election. Grant was a moderate, so the Radicals began to lose power.

45. The New Southern Governments/Johnson is Impeached • What groups controlled the drafting of new state constitutions in the South in 1867? • ¾ were Republican • ½ of those were poor white farmers (scalawags) • ¼ were carpetbaggers • Rest of were African Americans • What were the effects of the new state constitutions? • Set up public schools • Gave the vote to all adult males • Why was President Johnson impeached? What was the verdict in the impeachment? • He violated the Tenure of Office Act • He was acquitted by a single vote