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Boundless Lecture Slides

Boundless Lecture Slides. Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com. Using Boundless Presentations. Boundless Teaching Platform

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Boundless Lecture Slides

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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Properties of Polymers Polymers Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins ] Protein Structure Polymers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Nucleic Acids Polymers(continued) Synthetic Organic Polymers ] Polymers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Polymers > Properties of Polymers Properties of Polymers • Types of Biological Macromolecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/properties-of-polymers-167/

  7. Polymers > Lipids Lipids • Lipid Molecules • Phospholipids • Steroids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/lipids-168/

  8. Polymers > Carbohydrates Carbohydrates • Carbohydrate Molecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/carbohydrates-169/

  9. Polymers > Proteins Proteins • Amino Acids • Peptide Bonding between Amino Acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/proteins-170/

  10. Polymers > Protein Structure Protein Structure • Protein Structure • Denaturation and Protein Folding Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/protein-structure-171/

  11. Polymers > Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids • DNA and RNA • The DNA Double Helix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/nucleic-acids-172/

  12. Polymers > Synthetic Organic Polymers Synthetic Organic Polymers • Types of Synthetic Organic Polymers • Addition Reactions • Condensation Reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/polymers-24/synthetic-organic-polymers-173/

  13. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Polymers Key terms • addition reactionan organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule • amino acidAny of 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino, and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom), and a variety of side chains, that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins. • amino acidany of the 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids (having the amino and carboxylic acid groups on the same carbon atom) and a variety of side chains that combine, via peptide bonds, to form proteins • amphipathicDescribing a molecule, such as a detergent, which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. • antiparallelThe nature of the opposite orientations of the two strands of DNA or two beta strands that comprise a protein's secondary structure • base pairingThe specific way in which bases of DNA line up and bond to one another; A always with T and G always with C. • biopolymerAny macromolecule of a living organism that is formed from the polymerization of smaller entities; a polymer that occurs in a living organism or results from life. • carboxylA univalent functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group (-CO.OH); characteristic of carboxylic acids. • chaperoninproteins that provide favorable conditions for the correct folding of other proteins, thus preventing aggregation • condensation polymerizationa polymerization mechanism in which monomers react to form dimers first, then trimers, longer oligomers, and eventually long chain polymers • condensation reactionany reaction in which two molecules react with the resulting loss of a water molecule (or other small molecule); the formal reverse of hydrolysis • dehydration reactionA chemical reaction in which two molecules are covalently linked in a reaction that generates H2O as a second product. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Polymers • dehydration reactionan elimination (condensation) reaction in which the small molecule that is removed is water • denaturationthe change of folding structure of a protein (and thus of physical properties) caused by heating, changes in pH, or exposure to certain chemicals • dipoleany molecule or radical that has delocalized positive and negative charges • disulfide bondA bond, consisting of a covalent bond between two sulfur atoms, formed by the reaction of two thiol groups, especially between the thiol groups of two proteins • electrophilic additiona reaction in which a compound is added to an alkene by breaking the double bond to create new single bonds to the additional compound • esterCompound most often formed by the condensation of an alcohol and an acid, by removing water. It contains the functional group carbon-oxygen double bond joined via carbon to another oxygen atom. • genomethe cell's complete genetic information packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule • hormoneany substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to affect physiological activity • hydrogenationThe chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound, and usually under the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts. • isomerAny of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structure. • micelleLipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. • monomerA relatively small molecule that can form covalent bonds with other molecules of this type to form a polymer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Polymers • monomerA relatively small molecule which can be covalently bonded to other monomers to form a polymer. • mutationany error in base pairing during the replication of DNA • neurotransmitterany substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons • nucleotidethe monomer comprising DNA or RNA molecules; consists of a nitrogenous heterocyclic base that can be a purine or pyrimidine, a five-carbon pentose sugar, and a phosphate group • osmoregulationthe homeostatic regulation of osmotic pressure in the body in order to maintain a constant water content • polymerA relatively large molecule consisting of a chain or network of many identical or similar monomers chemically bonded to each other. • polypeptideAny polymer of (same or different) amino acids joined via peptide bonds. • R groupThe R group is a side chain specific to each amino acid that confers particular chemical properties to that amino acid. • radicala very reactive substance with an unpaired electron • sugar-phosphate backboneThe outer support of the ladder, forming strong covalent bonds between monomers of DNA. • synthetic polymershuman-made polymers • thermoplastica polymer that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and returns to a solid state upon cooling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Polymers • α-helixsecondary structure of proteins where every backbone N-H creates a hydrogen bond with the C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier in the same helix. • β-pleated sheetsecondary structure of proteins where N-H groups in the backbone of one fully-extended strand establish hydrogen bonds with C=O groups in the backbone of an adjacent fully-extended strand Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Polymers Sources of biological macromolecules Foods such as bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources of biological macromolecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44395/latest/Figure_03_00_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  19. Polymers Micelles An example of micelles in water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Structural Biochemistry/Lipids/Micelles."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Lipids/MicellesView on Boundless.com

  20. Polymers The Peptide Bond The peptide bond (circled) links two amino acids together. The blue balls represent the nitrogen that connect from the amine terminus of one amino acid to the carboxylate of another. The green balls are carbon, and the red are oxygen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Peptide bond."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_bond.pngView on Boundless.com

  21. Polymers The molecule sucrose (common table sugar) The carbohydrate monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) are joined to make the disaccharide sucrose. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sucrose-inkscape.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sucrose-inkscape.svgView on Boundless.com

  22. Polymers Monomers and polymers Many small monomer subunits combine to form this carbohydrate polymer. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."3D structure of cellulose, a beta-glucan polysaccharide.."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysaccharide%23/media/File:Cellulose-Ibeta-from-xtal-2002-3D-balls.pngView on Boundless.com

  23. Polymers Polysaccharides In cellulose, glucose monomers are linked in unbranched chains by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Because of the way the glucose subunits are joined, every glucose monomer is flipped relative to the next one resulting in a linear, fibrous structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Carbohydrates. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44400/latest/Figure_03_02_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  24. Polymers Triacylglycerols Triacylglycerol is formed by the joining of three fatty acids to a glycerol backbone in a dehydration reaction. Three molecules of water are released in the process. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Lipids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_03_03_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  25. Polymers Peptide bond formed during condensation reaction The condensation (dehydration) of two amino acids to form a peptide bond (red) with expulsion of water (blue). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:AminoacidCondensation.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AminoacidCondensation.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  26. Polymers Nylon molecular structure Nylon is a synthetic polymer produced by condensation polymerization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nylon6 and Nylon 66."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.pngView on Boundless.com

  27. Polymers Adding chlorine to ethene This shows an addition reaction, where chlorine and ethene form single molecule 1,2-dichloroethane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Chlorine and etene addition."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chlorine_and_etene_addition.pngView on Boundless.com

  28. Polymers Teflon frying pan Teflon (PTFE) is often used to coat non-stick frying pans as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."100 0783."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_0783.JPGView on Boundless.com

  29. Polymers Condensation of diacid and diamine The condensation of a diacid and diamine is an example of A-B polymerization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Condensation polymerization diacid diamine."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Condensation_polymerization_diacid_diamine.svgView on Boundless.com

  30. Polymers Omega Fatty Acids Alpha-linolenic acid is an example of an omega-3 fatty acid. It has three cis double bonds and, as a result, a curved shape. For clarity, the carbons are not shown. Each singly bonded carbon has two hydrogens associated with it, also not shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Lipids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_03_03_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  31. Polymers Antiparallel Strands In a double stranded DNA molecule, the two strands run antiparallel to one another so one is upside down compared to the other. The phosphate backbone is located on the outside, and the bases are in the middle. Adenine forms hydrogen bonds (or base pairs) with thymine, and guanine base pairs with cytosine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nucleic Acids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44403/latest/Figure_03_05_03.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Polymers DNA is a Double Helix Native DNA is an antiparallel double helix. The phosphate backbone (indicated by the curvy lines) is on the outside, and the bases are on the inside. Each base from one strand interacts via hydrogen bonding with a base from the opposing strand. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nucleic Acids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44403/latest/Figure_03_05_02.jpgView on Boundless.com

  33. Polymers Living organisms are made up of chemical building blocks All organisms are composed of a variety of these biological macromolecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Building_blocks_of_life.png."CC BY-SA 4.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Building_blocks_of_life.pngView on Boundless.com

  34. Polymers Four levels of protein structure The four levels of protein structure can be observed in these illustrations. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_09.jpgView on Boundless.com

  35. Polymers Secondary structure The α-helix and β-pleated sheet form because of hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and amino groups in the peptide backbone. Certain amino acids have a propensity to form an α-helix, while others have a propensity to form a β-pleated sheet. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_07.jpgView on Boundless.com

  36. Polymers Primary structure The A chain of insulin is 21 amino acids long and the B chain is 30 amino acids long, and each sequence is unique to the insulin protein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  37. Polymers Disaccharides Sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond. In the process, a water molecule is lost. By convention, the carbon atoms in a monosaccharide are numbered from the terminal carbon closest to the carbonyl group. In sucrose, a glycosidic linkage is formed between carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Carbohydrates. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44400/latest/Figure_03_02_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  38. Polymers Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are classified based on the position of their carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the backbone. Aldoses have a carbonyl group (indicated in green) at the end of the carbon chain, and ketoses have a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain. Trioses, pentoses, and hexoses have three, five, and six carbon backbones, respectively. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Carbohydrates. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44400/latest/Figure_03_02_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Polymers Sickle cell disease Sickle cells are crescent shaped, while normal cells are disc-shaped. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_06.jpgView on Boundless.com

  40. Polymers Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Each double bond may be in a cis or trans configuration. In the cis configuration, both hydrogens are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain. In the trans configuration, the hydrogens are on opposite sides. A cis double bond causes a kink in the chain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Lipids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_03_03_05.jpgView on Boundless.com

  41. Polymers Denaturing a protein is occasionally irreversible (Top) The protein albumin in raw and cooked egg white. (Bottom) A paperclip analogy visualizes the process: when cross-linked, paperclips ('amino acids') no longer move freely; their structure is rearranged and 'denatured'. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Protein Denaturation."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_Denaturation.pngView on Boundless.com

  42. Polymers Amino acid structure Amino acids have a central asymmetric carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) are attached. This amino acid is unionized, but if it were placed in water at pH 7, its amino group would pick up another hydrogen and a positive charge, and the hydroxyl in its carboxyl group would lose and a hydrogen and gain a negative charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  43. Polymers Peptide bond formation Peptide bond formation is a dehydration synthesis reaction. The carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of the incoming amino acid. In the process, a molecule of water is released. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_03.jpgView on Boundless.com

  44. Polymers DNA and RNA A nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. Carbon residues in the pentose are numbered 1′ through 5′ (the prime distinguishes these residues from those in the base, which are numbered without using a prime notation). The base is attached to the 1′ position of the ribose, and the phosphate is attached to the 5′ position. When a polynucleotide is formed, the 5′ phosphate of the incoming nucleotide attaches to the 3′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing chain. Two types of pentose are found in nucleotides, deoxyribose (found in DNA) and ribose (found in RNA). Deoxyribose is similar in structure to ribose, but it has an H instead of an OH at the 2′ position. Bases can be divided into two categories: purines and pyrimidines. Purines have a double ring structure, and pyrimidines have a single ring. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Nucleic Acids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44403/latest/Figure_03_05_01.jpgView on Boundless.com

  45. Polymers Tertiary structure The tertiary structure of proteins is determined by hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide linkages. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Proteins. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44402/latest/Figure_03_04_08.jpgView on Boundless.com

  46. Polymers The Amide Bond Peptide bonds are amide bonds, characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group attached to an amine. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Amidbildung.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amidbildung.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  47. Polymers Interactive: Monomers and Polymers Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are built from small molecular units that are connected to each other by strong covalent bonds. The small molecular units are called monomers (mono means one, or single), and they are linked together into long chains called polymers (poly means many, or multiple). Each different type of macromolecule, except lipids, is built from a different set of monomers that resemble each other in composition and size. Lipids are not polymers, because they are not built from monomers (units with similar composition). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  48. Polymers Phospholipid Molecule A phospholipid is a molecule with two fatty acids and a modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. The phosphate may be modified by the addition of charged or polar chemical groups. Two chemical groups that may modify the phosphate, choline and serine, are shown here. Both choline and serine attach to the phosphate group at the position labeled R via the hydroxyl group indicated in green. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Lipids. October 16, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m44401/latest/Figure_05_01_03a.jpgView on Boundless.com

  49. Polymers Phospholipid Bilayer The phospholipid bilayer consists of two adjacent sheets of phospholipids, arranged tail to tail. The hydrophobic tails associate with one another, forming the interior of the membrane. The polar heads contact the fluid inside and outside of the cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, The Cell Membrane. October 22, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/View on Boundless.com

  50. Polymers General outline of addition reactions Top to bottom: electrophilic addition to alkene, nucleophilic addition of nucleophile to carbonyl, and free radical addition of halide to alkene. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Addition reactions general overview.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Addition_reactions_general_overview.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

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