Ptolemy, Aristotle and the Catholic Church: The Old View

1. Ptolemy, Aristotle and the Catholic Church: The Old View What is wrong here?Before the Scientific Revolution, scientists believed the geocentric universe where the earth is in the center of the universe.

2. What is the Scientific Revolution? New way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question old beliefs.

3. How did the Scientific Revolution start? • Translation of classical texts • Logic • Observation • Solving practical problems • Explorers’ discoveries

4. People of the Scientific Revolution • Copernicus (from Poland) • Kepler (from Holy Roman Empire) • Galileo (from Italy) • Newton (from England) • Bacon and Descartes (from England) • Harvey (from England)

5. Old View • The earth is at the center of the universe. It stays in a fixed permanent place and the sun revolves around it.

6. Old View • The earth is at the center of the universe. It stays in a fixed permanent place and the sun revolves around it.

7. Copernicus • Reasoned the heliocentric theory – sun is the center. • Kept his ideas to himself because of the Catholic Church

8. 1. How would this new understanding of the universe impact religion?

9. Old View • The planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits.

10. Old View • The planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits.

11. Kepler • Used reason and math to prove Copernicus right • Used reason and math to discover laws of planetary motion—elliptical orbits Elliptical

12. Old View • The moon, planets, and stars are perfect spheres made of gas.

13. Old View • The moon, planets, and stars are perfect spheres made of gas.

14. Galileo • Used reason and the telescope to prove heliocentric theory • Declared a heretic – took back what he said • Studied falling objects. Heretic: when a baptized member of the Catholic Church contradicts/denies a revealed truth.

15. 2. How did Galileo determine Copernicus and Kepler were correct? What does this say about logic and observation?

16. Old View • Spirits and divinities control the movement of the planets.

17. Old View • Spirits and divinities control the movement of the planets.

18. Newton • Used reason to discover the Laws of Gravity, Laws of Motion, and calculus

19. Old View • Scientists and scholars rely on ancient authorizes, church teachings, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world.

20. Old View • Scientists and scholars rely on ancient authorizes, church teachings, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world.

21. Bacon and Descartes • Scientific Method – use reason and observation to prove things (do not use superstition) • Changed the way people thought

22. 3. How does the scientific method reflect new views on how to conduct scientific research?

23. Old View • Food is turned into blood in the heart. Arteries and veins are empty and serve as air tubes.

24. Old View • Food is turned into blood in the heart. Arteries and veins are empty and serve as air tubes.

25. Harvey • Used reason to discover the circulation of blood • Used reason to study the human body

26. The Enlightenment… • What does “enlightenment” mean? • To “give understanding”, or “be free of ignorance” • Where did the Enlightenment happen? • All over Western Europe • When did the Enlightenment take place? • Mid-1600’s to the beginning of the 1800’s • Why did the Enlightenment happen? • People were tired of “traditional ways” of life and desperately wanted something new

27. Europe in the Enlightenment

28. The Enlightenment… • How did the Enlightenment start? • England’s Glorious Revolution: 1688 • Overthrow the king • Declaration of Independence: 1776 • Independence from England • American Revolution: 1776 – 1781 • A colony defeats a major European power • United States Bill of Rights: 1791 • Freedoms for every citizen • French Revolution: 1789 • Overthrow the king

29. What were some of the major ideas of the Enlightenment? • Human nature • good vs. evil • Styles of Government • Absolutism • “Enlightened monarchy” • Democracy • Citizenship • Personal rights (liberty, property, speech, religion) • Social contract (government and people have to work together) • Gender rights

30. The Enlightenment… • Who was involved?? • Thomas Hobbes • John Locke • Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Voltaire • Baron de Montesquieu • Mary Wollstonecraft

31. The Enlightenment… • What happened as a result of the Enlightenment? • Many governments became more democratic • People gained more rights • Women gained “suffrage” – the right to vote • Slavery was decreased or even stopped • Freedom of speech, press, and religion became more common

32. What were the main results of the enlightenment?

33. To review…Hobbes • Views on Government: • English Civil War convinced him that man was naturally wicked and selfish • People should give up their rights to a central ruler in exchange for law and order • Social Contract – people create government in exchange for safety • Government should have the “awesome power of a leviathan (ancient sea monster) • Best Form of Government: Absolute Monarchy

34. To review…Voltaire • Views on Government: • Distrusted the Church (deceitful), the nobility (corrupt), and the peasants (ignorant and superstitious) • Disliked Africans and Jews • Distrusted democracy, because it would be empowering the common people, whom he saw as little more than idiots • Believed in the absolute freedom of thought and expression…to be able to say or write down one’s beliefs without fear of persecution • Believed in an individual’s right to choose their own religion…or none at all • Best Form of Government: Enlightened Monarchy

35. To review…Montesquieu • Views on Government: • Believed that the downfall of government was the result of the loss of political liberties • Separation of Powers – power should be divided between a ruler, a law-making body of people, and the courts • Checks and Balances – each “branch” of government would share power and prevent one person from abusing their authority • Best Form of Government: Representative Democracy

36. To review…John Locke • Views on Government: • Thought that man was naturally reasonable, and that he could be responsible for governing himself • Believed that all people are born free and equal with Natural Rights • Life, liberty, and property • Purpose of government is to protect these rights…if it does not, the people have the right to overthrow it. • Best Form of Government: Democracy

37. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • Views on Government • People are basically good, but become corrupted by society • State of Nature – mankind used to live in a primitive, free, and equal society…however at some point a few strong individuals forced others to follow their rules • Believed that the ideal government was one that was freely formed by the people…they agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good • Rousseau’s Social Contract: agreement among free individuals to create a society and government • Believed in total equality  no more titles or class distinctions • Best Form of Government: Direct Democracy